Ancient Art created between 30,000 BCE500 CE Essay

Ancient Art created between 30,000 BCE500 CE - Essay ExampleMasks in antediluvian patriarch Mexico came in all shapes and sizes. They ranged from those that depicted human faces to those that were almost supernatural. Specifically, this feign was associated with the site of Tlatilco in the Basin of Mexico. The mask was characterized by a twisted simian like face with simple, serpentine curves for ears, protruding eye sockets with precipitously outlined eyelids and very broad eyebrows (Historical and Scientific Association of Vancouver, 1926). However, as seen from the picture above, the mask was too gauzy to cover the entire face. It is worth noting that paired holes that appe ard below the years suggest that the mask was being tied on the lower face or onto some bundle or sculpture. Basically, this art was important because it was a sign of transformation (Historical and Scientific Association of Vancouver, 1926).This piece of art was made during the late second millenary B.C. commonly described as fertility figurines, this art was depicted women (Historical and Scientific Association of Vancouver, 1926). The arts lessened limbs and sometimes the disturbing facial features were interpreted to be a sign of abnormalities indicative of special nark to the supernatural realm. However, such interpretations are not exclusive. Most of the details reflect regional traditions whereby facial and consistency treatments can be precisely recognized. This piece of work was meant to show a social status in the society. For example, the narrow eyes and mouth of the art can be regarded to a representation of the so-called picturesque lady figures from Tlatilco (Historical and Scientific Association of Vancouver, 1926).Both the female figure and the mask were as a event of rich history of Mexico. They are both ceramic products, painted and well sculptured in a 3D format (Historical and Scientific Association of Vancouver, 1926). The color (brown) of the two pieces of art is the similar maybe because they are all products

Warbings case study, Answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Warbings case study, Answer - Essay ExampleEquity theory of motivation suggests that all employees mustiness be given rewards according to their individual contributions. Equitable distribution of rewards leads to maximized performance.SMART objectives must be designed (Specific, Measurable w/Measurement, Achievable, Relevant, Time-Oriented) through implementation of reward system. According to Total Rewards theory (TowersWatson 2014) Employers can punter align rewards with employee preferences to promote specific behaviors and drive higher productivity.Off-the-job rearing, on-the-job training, coaching, mentoring, group/lecture training, and computer-based training (CBT), argon some of the formal training forms that are meant to increase the proficiencies of employees, so that they help the employers achieve their milestones (Sarwar, Azhar & Akhtar 2011). Koster, Grip, and Fourage (2011) found that, as predicted by human capital theory and social exchange theory, the contribution of employees in general training encouraged job persistence.Koster, F., Grip, A., & Fouarge, D., 2011. Does perceived support in employee development affect personnel turnover? The international journal of Human Resource Management, vol.22, no.11, pp. 2403-2418. DOI 10.1080/09585192.2011.584404Murayama, K., Matsumoto, M., Izuma, K., & Matsumoto, K., 2010. Neural basis of the undermining effect of extrinsic reward on intrinsic motivation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.107, pp.20911-2091.Sarwar, S., Azhar, M.S., & Akhtar, N., 2011. Impact of training patterns upon the social relations of employees (a meta analysis). Journal of Management Research, vol.3, no.2, pp. 1-20. DOI

ISO 14000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

ISO 14000 - Essay workoutIndustrial waste is the largest contributor to the environmental pollution it is an unwanted by-product of the raw materials. It is the utmost indebtedness of the corporate to dispose of this materials that the contamination to the nature i.e. air, water and soil to the least levels. Recycling is also regarded as the most preferred waste management strategy (Cheremisinoff,2001). Along with it local and community based initiatives should be taken to control the emission of toxics from the waste. Researchers suggest that prevention from the pollution, by the usage of less pollution producing products, helps the geological formation to increase the efficiency, this also boosts the financial stability of the company (Maystre and Spiegel, 2011).In order to make the corporate to stray in the right amount of efforts the consumers as well as the government also needs to crook in their role and should force the corporations to take the right

The future of London Heathrow Airport Literature review

The future of London Heathrow Airport - Literature re gull ExampleDevelopment of the motorway meshwork and railway network increased accessibility of London to rest of cities of the country (Rodrigue 2013). London was made the pore for of all these networks. London became the main focus for international air travellers during the days of the war. London was surrounded by four airdromes, and Heathrow alone was used for handling of two thirds of air traffic. In times of rapid fruit in 1960s transportation planners reached a new approach of transport planning. Proposal was the expansion of Stansted aerodrome, still due to strong opposition from people this plan was left uncompleted. Both, government and GLC, have supported the trends of transport planning, which have been not only considered inevitable but also desirable (Adams 1981).Atkin et al., (2009) focused on the acquittance system of the London Heathrow airport and founded that if the delay time for the aircraft awaiting t ake- withdraw and running engines would result into a less rule of fuel as well as pollution benefits. They pointed out various constraints, applied to take off the schedules. Some physical changes at the airport can eliminate the impacts of constraints and increase the capacity for departure systems.Heathrow airport completed the 5th terminal in 2008 and second phase in year 2011. Expansion of airport too encompassed the refurbishment of terminals such as terminal 1, 3 and 4. A new air defend traffic tower and terminal 5 stations were installed. Expansion also included the tunnels for the extension of Piccadilly line, Heathrow say and spur road from the M25. Air control tower was installed on the Heathrow airport in 2007, which presented the unobstructed view (Kable Intelligence System 2014). Cecil (2013) reported that Heathrow would be the fourth runway with a million of flights in a year. Expansion of Heathrow airport would result into a leading aviation Hub of Europe. However , development

Contemporary issues in management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Contemporary issues in management - Assignment samplePresently, Samsung produces and exports electronics returns around one fourth of the total export of South Korea. Samsung had decided to diversify in terms of product diversification as well as market diversification into the foreign market especially into the emerging markets across the earthly concern. The main reason behind this is to diversify the risk of single pains. It is noticeable that the orders current revenue is larger than the many countries GDP. So, the parent company has diversified into different perseverance from electronics and semiconductor production to advertising agency. Business from this wide range of business areas Samsung has able to make a powerful influence on the sparing development of South Korea. The companies like Samsung always believe in expansion. Although the Samsung group is recognised for the digital electronics and semiconductor product but it has diversified into wide variety of indu stry and formed many subsidiaries like Samsung heavy industries, the second largest shipbuilders in the world, Samsung engineering, Samsung life insurance, Samsung Everland a theme common land in South Korea, Cheil Worldwide the 19th largest advertising agencies in the world. Internal diversification This blue fly the coop company was founded as Samsung Sanghoe which was a small trading company of food products especially noodles and other foodstuff products. In terms of business diversification there are two different types of it like the product diversification and the market diversification. The company started the need and prospect diversification after the war. After the war the sparing condition of the country was very weak and many companies could not able to run their small companies. Samsung got the opportunity to buy some of those companies which had future prospect and growth. The company started diversifying into many areas insurance, securities and retail. At that t ime founder lee side discovered the opportunities in industrialization as there was a higher need of industrialization in the country after the war. He thought that by this step the company might also father major support from the Korean government. For this reason Lee started concentrating on industrialization and focused on economic development strategy with the support of large domestic conglomerates. The strategy behind this diversification to consumer electronics was to become worlds leading brand in consumer electronics programme. The companys diversification into Samsung Electronics was one of the most outstanding diversification strategies of the company. The group become much better in terms of brand recognition and this is the tho subsidiary by which the company has become a worldwide popular digital electronics brand. External diversification According to Williams, Samsung set on a path of unrelated external diversification activities where it focused on creating and gaining of companies completely unrelated to each other. This diversification strategy was aimed by the concern through enhancing the portfolio of business and emolument or product offerings. Samsung is thus found to expand into diversified business areas like production of computer memory chips, hardware equipments and computer peripherals pertaining to information technology industries,

The Resurrection of Jesus Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Resurrection of Jesus - Assignment ExampleMathew only mentions bloody shame Magdalene and does not indicate the existence of the other women (The Gospel according to Matthew, Chapter 28). They did not find the stone that was finishing instead, two angels appeared to them in shining garments and asked them why they were seeking Jesus among the dead.In the book of Mathew, Jesus appeared to the disciples on their focussing to telling the disciples about the risen Christ. The other three books do not account for this. He told them to remind the disciples that they were to meet him in Galilee. According to Luke, Peter, who did not call up left for the empty tomb to nourish what the women had said to them (The Gospel according to Luke, Chapter 24). The other books do not portray these happenings. While on their way to Emaus with a colleague, Cleopas, Jesus appeared to them but they did not recognize him until the time he broke bread.Jesus was not human he was fully of heavenly glor y because he vanished from them. They left immediately for Jerusalem where they met the cardinal disciples and informed them of the risen Christ and how he had appeared to Simon. As they narrated what happened to them on the way, Jesus appeared amidst them and informed them to remain in peace. They were so terrified thinking he was a tactual sensation. He showed them of the scars on his feet and hands, but the disciples did not believe him yet Jesus ate a broiled fish t before them narrating how a spirit has neither flesh nor bones (Bible, 2000). All the other three books cover these happenings except the book of magic.The books of Mark, John and Luke cover how Jesus revealed to the disciples His fathers blessings to them. He explained how they were to be witnesses of the remission of sins and they were to preach his name to all the nations. As he blessed them, he was parted into the sky up to the heavens. The different authors portrayed the resurrection of Jesus as they did beca use in that respect

Annotated references Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Annotated references - Essay ExampleThis model was evaluated and later on proven successful to both teachers and learners. Conversely, thither are issues cited in the article, which still re main lacking in this model. This is with postulate to the safety of the program and how to develop the teachers trust versus imparting the right friendship in children.In particular, this article is accommodative in the development of early childhood. This is with an aim of empowering both teachers and children in the line of acquiring high grapheme education. The authors intend to enhance efficiency and boosting quality of learning in children. The article is relevant to the curriculum with regard to the choice of words and noteworthy sources used. Ultimately, the sources used target the development of early education. For example, the model helps teachers in comprehending what they do clearly and much more helps them see the value of articulating their practices effectively, such as integr ating young children with the onetime(a) in order to have the young learn from the old.The authors, Blank, Damjanovic, Peixoto da Silva and Weber (2012), present a multi-case study that provides an explanation of early childhood and teachers with their experiences when executing project work in present-day classrooms. The authors devote emphasis on the challenges that teachers encounter during the implementation process of the project work. This entails how they responded to both developing professional knowledge and skills on the subject of the project strategy and to the available practices considered in the specific school perspectives. This article provides a description of operational project work in a study of three classes with an aim of illustrating main arguments from each of the specific scenarios. The article also presents a construed argument that merges the three scenarios. Finally, the authors indicate what teachers encounter magic spell putting

Healthcare Administration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Healthcare Administration - Research Paper ExampleIn fact, queen-sized amount of aesculapian research disc everywhereys take place in academician Health Centers. These consequently end point in clinical benefits and philanthropy towards the patients. Let us look at some of the famous Academic Health Centers in the World.1. The Association of Academic Health Centers (AAHC) is one of the foremost associations of Academic Health Centers. It is a nonprofit organization, and consists of allopathic and osteopathic medical school. The AAHC contributes variously to the education system of the different countries. AAHC is vital for generation of newer ideas, concepts and therapies. It is obligated for original centers of innovation and benefit mankind on a large scale.2. The Biomedical Research affectionateness at Bethlem Hospital, London, has majorly paced the research facilities at the institute. Theyve sought some personalized medicine that has been a medical breakthrough in psychol ogical medical history.3. Centre for Rural Health, South Africa, undertakes research activities that are pertaining to the regional ailments it was started take way back in 1980s. However, today it has spread to a large number of countries, delinquent to the efforts of its academic health centre.Ans 2. Telemedicine is a largely popular form of clinical medicine to make the routine of medicine audio-visual and also convenient for many to use. Telemedicine is a process of two professionals discussing the possibilities of a case over a telephonic conference.Telemedicine is of great benefit to remote communities who have scarce resources of finding adequate medical help at the right time. In fact, telemedicine is now rapidly replacing many technologies like Doctor-on-Wheels, due to its immensely beneficial results that it has cropped up with. Telemedicine can provide for accurate diagnosis as well as accurate examinations of the various techniques of medicine on a patient in a very streamlined manner. In many of the

Chinese Logistics Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Chinese Logistics Companies - Essay Example........................................................................... 20How to unionise strategy for logistics companies in China to fit in the tough market environment 1. accession The subprime crisis has had an enormous effect on the global financial markets. It has also affected the Chinese economy. Chinas economy has been approach with many difficulties which include global slowdown, the undulation of the oil price, pressure of RMB appreciation and inflation. The subprime crisis has been particularly cruel to the Chinese economy. The logistics industry in China is still at the beginning. Although it is developing fast, it has many problems. The out-dated management styles, obsolete cultivation engineering and haphazard planning of capital construction in the national transportation system and so on restrict the development of the logistics industry in China. However foreign competitors pay attention to this potentiality market due to the fact that their alert operational capabilities elsewhere can be effectively utilized in China. Flynn (2006) argues that foreign logistics companies entering the Chinese market, especially after WTO accession, brought tremendous pressure to bear on the local companies. This situation forces them to improve their technology and reformulate their strategy. At the same time, the Chinese government recognizes the importation of the logistics industry to Chinas continuing economic prosperity. Millar (2006), for authority has shown that the Chinese government has seen logistics as a strategic imperative. deliberate deregulation combined with immense enthronization in the transportation infrastructure to improve the logistics development is an needful outcome of this desire. While, depending on the...However foreign competitors pay attention to this potential market due to the fact that their existing operational capabilities elsewhere can be effectively utilized in China . Flynn (2006) argues that foreign logistics companies entering the Chinese market, especially after WTO accession, brought tremendous pressure to bear on the local companies. This situation forces them to improve their technology and reformulate their strategy. At the same time, the Chinese government recognizes the significance of the logistics industry to Chinas continuing economic prosperity. Millar (2006), for instance has shown that the Chinese government has seen logistics as a strategic imperative. Gradual deregulation combined with immense investment in the transportation infrastructure to improve the logistics development is an inevitable outcome of this desire. While, depending on the governments help is not enough. The logistics companies must revise their strategies to promote their competitive advantage to coordinate with the policy. If they cannot they will be left behind. Realizing how to devise strategy for logistics companies in China to fit in the tough market env ironment is becoming more than and more important to the logistics companies.The aim of this research paper is to highlight on logistics op

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Marketing - Essay pillowcaseThus the victims of its unethical marketing strategies were children whom the high society ill-used by manipulating their exposure to addictive / drug-abusing habits. According to the source, the company has also employed teenage girls to distribute free Marlboro cigarettes to children and youngsters at the clubs and concerts. Not only the company marketed a health-hazardous product but also harmed the children morally by exploiting them to addiction. Whats worst, the company claimed that premature smokers deaths have compulsory effects because they save governments money (Top 10 Unethical Companies.) In this way, Philip Morris unethical marketing practices contuse children and teenagers by illegally familiarizing them with addictive products that are supposed to be much harmful for them, physiologically as well as morally. The company, in response to the criticism, has launched a We card Programme, which provides retailers with tools and resources to help prevent minor(ip) tobacco sales. Works Cited Top 10 Unethical Companies. Actionforourplanet.com. Action for Our Planet, n.d. Web. 1 May 2011.

Family in Europe Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

Family in Europe - Coursework ExampleThis was generally expressed in term of the overprotect as king over the family. He was the ultimate authority who decided all things and in whose hands the welfare of all rested. However, problems at the state level began to change this dynamic. It was proven over again and again that the kings did not necessarily take their paternal duties seriously, allowing military personnely of their children to die of disease and starvation. In order to make grow with these monarchs, it was necessary to break the linkage in peoples minds between the king and the father. This break, once instituted, remained and the policy-making role of the family in terms of defining the operations of the state waned.The idea that the father was the king of the family lead to a natural relationship between the king and the father. Viewed as a king, the King of a realm was often too abstract and distant for common people to fully belowstand or attentiveness allegia nce to. However, thinking of the king as the father made him instantly more accessible as his duties became clear in the minds of the populace. While peasants had a very little conception of what a king was involve to do in order to make the state operate efficiently, they were able to envision him as the man taking care of all the top-level orders that would be necessary for the running of an efficient estate as the father normally did. This was true whether the estate was a leased cottage on farmland or a grand collection of homes and properties that each had to be maintained. This connection was reinforced by Biblical connection to the tasks situated upon Adam and the analogy between king and God in that each determined the fates of the flock of children under him. Adam was given the rulership over all life on earth, highlighting the need for a domineering decider while God was the ultimate father in heaven.

John Deweys interest and effort in education Essay

John Deweys interest and effort in education - Essay prototypeThis scholarly work of John Dewey proves its significance from the time its conceived until this era more enhanced by technology. As a proponent of pragmatism (which means the realistic counsel to solving problems rather than obeying restore rules) in the field of pedagogy, he is famous for the line Learning by doing. In this book, Interest and endeavor in Education, the main tenets that this author expresses are the arguments between interest and effort, unified and divided activity,good article of faith be as teaching of the future will make aim life vital to youth, the provision of school experience wherein the child is wholeheartedly active in acquiring the ideas and skill needed to deal with the problems of his expanding life. On the other hand genuine interest is the accompaniment of identification, through action, of the self with some object or idea for the maintenance of self-initiated activity. Effort, as opposed to interest, implies a separation between the self and the fact to be mastered or task to be performed and sets up a habitual division of activities. (Dewey, 1913, p. 14).Dewey describes in realistic and comprehensive detail of the educational setting of his time its weaknesses and how his tenet could be of significance in the substitute that he hopes to develop. Moreover, his discussion on the strengths of the theory of interest and effort are equally well-compared contrasted.... It is an impressively organize work that is confident of its impact to the administrators and learners both. It discourages the societys continuous adherence to the already educational theories despite their weaknesses.He expresses the tribulation of most schools in maintaining pupil-motivation. Many students leave school for lack of interest. There are a attracter of cases of school drop-outs that became successful in their chosen fields, most of them land in different business industries. short interesting training earned due to the goal of merely acquiring a certification or diploma, labeling them as those who emerge from the schools, duly certified, too many are skillful merely in an satellite show of information and manners which gives no surety that the major part of their inner impulses are undecided of rational and easy self-direction.Dewey points out the true cause for student boredom and blames the unappealing method of teaching that stops students from continuing their education.The weakness of the schools rest on their inability to establish creative methods wherein students personality , take aim and interest are well gauged. As Dewey puts it, A childs character, knowledge and skill are not retrace by sitting in a room where events happen. Events must happen to him , in a way to bring a full and interested response. The teacher is only successful if there is a student response where change is visible.One of the striking points that Dewey stresses is It is absurd to suppose that a child gets more ingenious or mental discipline when he goes at a matter unwillingly than when he goes at it out of the fullness of his heart. (Dewey, 1919,

Pornography & violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pornography & violence - Essay ExampleBased on various studies conducted in both clinical and experimental settings, exposure to media specifically films showing sexually raging acts against women has substantially augmented the likelihood of invasion by men. This whitethorn be attributed to the fact that such scenes get the message that women find force and aggression during sex rather pleasurable. (Donnerstein, 1986)In this regard, these pornographic materials exhibiting violence may exert significant influence in how men perceive and treat women. As the media is deemed to facilitate the duplicate cat effect, I reckon that male viewers of smut materials become inclined to think that execute violent acts on women is cool or even normal. Thus, they become less restrained in committing aggression towards women.In addition, with the advent of the internet, these explicit materials become easily accessible to billions of people despite the efforts undertaken by illegalise bodies a nd concerned citizens. The perception that women are willing participants in sexually violent acts as well as the accessibility of violent pornography are the primary factors that may be expected to bring some the rise in the number of reported cases of violence against women. These place the women in our society at commodious risk.In view of the above, I believe that the elimination of violent pornography would be a authoritative step in reducing violence against women. To address this, cooperation between government bodies and local communities must be sought. For instance, public institutions should strengthen their battle against pornographers, who proliferate sexually violent materials. This may be done non only by focusing administrative efforts on small-time smut producers but more so on the big-time pornographers. These government bodies should aim to effectively implement censorship rules in regulating the media and severely penalize those who are found guilty of violat ing such rules.Moreover, the

What Steps Can Be Taken By the Nations of the Sub-Saharan Africa to Case Study

What Steps Can Be Taken By the Nations of the sub-Saharan Africa to Address the Causes of Poverty - Case Study ExampleThis paper illustrates that policy-making interventions and corruptions in the scotch structure are considered to be noteworthy challenges that in turn hinder the development in Sub-Saharan role in Africa. In other words, the economic structure of the region is highly affected by its totalitarianism ideology in lieu of its unequal distribution of wealth and power. It is in this context that prudish measures should be comebackn by the economy to identify the root causes of poverty. With this concern, the economy bath intend to measure its political structure and legislative measures in order to identify the flaws in its regulatory and political measures which can be regarded as the root causes of poverty to persist and increase in the economy. The economy should also take certain initiatives in identifying the flaws relative to social health measures. From an ov erall point of view, it can be declared that the economy should reconsider its various segments in order to identify the root causes of poverty in the economy. The regime of developed nations can certainly play a crucial role in assisting the Sub-Saharan deliverance to revitalize its economic structure and thus attain progress. With this concern, the developed economies should come forward to assist the poorest region in the world, not only to guide the Sub-Saharan economy towards development but also to boil down global wealth disparity. The assistance of more capable governments in terms of monetary funding and political as well as social guidance shall certainly prove to be highly expedient for the economy to develop with the ideology of collectivism.

NARRATIVE FORM in momento Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

communicative FORM in momento - Essay ExampleThe films yarn is revealed in two separate narratives, wholeness in color and one in black and white, that alternate with each other. The investigations conducted by Leonard are depicted in color and are in reverse chronological order.The scenes of Leonard talking to an anonymous phone caller in a motel room are in black and white and in chronological order. The two narratives intermingle into a single color by the time the movie ends.One story line movies forward in time while the other moves backwards.The story begins with a murder of a man called Teddy, by Leonard. This scene is immediately followed by a black-and-white sequence of Leonard, in a motel room talking over the phone. The movie then alternates between black-and-white and color sequences.In chronological order the story can be narrated in this way. It begins with Leonard talking on the phone to an anonymous caller in a motel room. These scenes tell a parallel tale, with f lashbacks, of the case of Sammy Jankis, that Leonard had taken up as an insurance investigator. Sammy too had met with an chance event and had ended up with anterograde dimout. Leonard investigates and comes to the conclusion that the mans medical claim on the grounds that it was a psychical problem and not a physical one was not true. But Sammys wife does not agree, for it nitty-gritty Sammy is faking the disorder. To test him, she asks him to give her three to four insulin shots in quick succession. Sammy readily does this and she sinks into a coma, but she is meet that she has proved that his condition was real. Sammy is taken to an asylum. Leonard then tells the caller how his own wife died. Robbers had raped and killed his wife one night. He manages to kill one of them, but the other hits him on the head and runs away. He develops anterograde amnesia as a result of this. He is determined to seek

Critical Thinking Assignment Part Two Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Thinking Part Two - Assignment grammatical caseThe phenomenon of interest for the pack appears to be find of reoccurrence of genus Cancer in pubic louse survivors 4. Abstract The essential confine of the look into argon included in the abstract. The research question, focus methods, analysis, and major findings were summarized in the abstract background signal Recent research shows that cancer survivors are at greater try of developing cancer than the global population. Although recommended, many cancer survivors receive no regular cancer screening. Cancer survivors perceptions of their second cancer risk are, in part, suspected to influence their participation in cancer screening. Objective This film was conducted to explore how cancer survivors define and interpret second cancer risk. Methods An interpretive descriptive approach was taken whereby semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 cancer survivors (16 women and 6 men) drawn from a provincial cance r registry. The sample ranged in age from 19 to 87 years. The cancer history of the participants varied. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method of data analysis. Results The boilersuit theme, life after cancer living with risk, described cancer survivors sense that risk is now a part of their everyday lives. Two themes emerged from the data that speak to how cancer survivors lived with second cancer risk (1) idea about second risk and (2) living with risk a family affair. Conclusions Effective risk communication to reliever the decisions made by cancer survivors with respect to cancer screening is warranted. Implications for Practice Study results provide foundational fellowship about the nature of second cancer risk that may be used to develop and pull down standards for survivorship care including how second cancer risk can be best managed. 5. The Research Problem The research problem is to determine how cancer survivors define and interpret second cancer ris k (488). The question objectives are clearly identified to understand the risk of second cancer and be able to communicate that risk to a cancer survivor in an effective manner. The rationale for selecting the significance of the problem is clearly identified. fit in to the study, there is a lack of information regarding cancer risk among cancer survivors. Performing a study that analyzes this risk helps cancer survivors understand their risk of reoccurrence better. While no independent or dependent variables were identified, the study was carefully outlined by the author to include sample size, age range, and data collection methods. operable definitions of terms were provided for a clear understanding of the study. A person-centered, open-ended interviewing approach was used when the participants were interviewed (489). 6. Review of belles-lettres Review of the literature is not relevant to the study, because there have been no conclusive studies in the by involving cancer sur vivors and their risk. The relationship of the problem to previous research is clear. The authors use statistics about the possibility of reoccurrence to provide a baseline for their own research. Primary sources are used, since the authors cited 19 other sources when writing their article. Secondary sources are not used, only primary sources. The range of years for the review of the literature is from 1999 to 2010. The authors clearly identify what is known and not known about the phenomenon of interest, and use that information as a baseline for th

Heal hospital Essay Example for Free

Heal infirmary EssayThe better infirmary icon emphasizes the eradication of stress and other health risks in the healthc be environment for patients and visitors. The factors that bewitch these health risks ar inherent to the setting of the hospital, not the illnesses being treated. For instance, patients obtain stressed because of painful curative procedures, lack of social life, deterioration of financial status because of health caution expenditures, etc. In order to countenance that the patients well being is maintained, the amount of stress moldiness be curtailed. Additionally, the all-inclusive c be and attention components of the para turnm guarantees that the patients recovery process be utilized to the zenith without infringing upon their dignity and privacy. Instead of just simply curing the disease, the meliorate hospital paradigm incorporates the ameliorate of the whole patient (Young Koopsen, 2006). This is served from the paradigms focus on heal beyond t he carnal body. It intends to improve the overall welfare of the individual by not only addressing the patients cognitive, emotional, and spiritual concerns, but to a fault those of the familys (Milstein, 2005).In order to develop a better environment, certain barrier must be outstrip within the context of the hospital setting. This paper will analyze the ameliorate hospital paradigm, recognize its implication in care giving method, portray its aspects, and depict its connections to spirituality.Healing Hospital AspectsA healing hospital goes beyond windows, walls, and mortar. Its strong culture of slam and caring is what sets it apart from traditional hospitals (Chapman, 2010). The healing hospital is represent of three essential aspects.Healing EnvironmentHospitals should be a healing physical environment. This denotes that hospitals should be tolerant of any physical disturbances that could potentially cause stress. These outside factors consist of excessive noise, a mor bid ordull environment, and panic-inducing disorganization. In order to diminish these external environmental factors, employees must meticulously construct an organize hospital setting that complies with the aspects of a physical healing environment. Employees are given the proper training to become successful caregivers who are aware(predicate) in patient and family interaction. This method of interaction will help patients and families have it off with their grief and deal with their concerns. By engaging all five senses, the environment is designed to establish a spiritual relationship. Stefanidakis states that by choosing the appropriate colors, human behavior will be influenced to the desired effects and mental systems will be established (2001).For example, the color green denotes a healing and nurturing environmentone symbolizing unconditional love and growth. This is due to the fact that color has the incredible ability to trigger emotional responses such as peacefulnes s, irritability, or cheerfulness. Furthermore, designing the hospital interior in a manner that resembles a church or tabernacle promotes spirituality. This give the axe be done by including religious artifacts such as rosary beads. However, the patient must feel in control of the environment in order for stress relief to occur. This control can be achieved with lighting, temperature, etc.Integrating Technology and Work DesignTechnology plays a large part in the healing hospital paradigm. Its interweaving into the healing hospital structure permits staff members to make water with systematic efficiency, routing work in a way that amplified the patients and familys comfort. In this more tranquil environment, patients receive much more forty winks and, thus allow their bodies sufficient time to heal. Equipped with technological advancements such as cleaning machines with versed silencers and wireless phones for direct communication with the healthcare team, employees are competen t in the effective use of this technology. Thus, they advocate a quiet and healing ambience. Developing a low stress environment, the staff is prone to less distractions. The lack of distraction leads to a decrease in common medical errors.The Culture of Loving tuitionFormer executive of the Baptist Healing Hospital Trust Erie Chapman believes that the most important aspect of the healing hospital intertwined treatment with a significant component consisting of love, care, and empathy (Chapman, 2010). Constructing an intriguing culture in which the staff members are cognizant of their duties and are adept at unreservedly executing them through is a fundamental aspect of the healing hospital. All caregivers must advocate unconditional love for patients as well as visitors by incorporating it into their fooling actions. Compassionate care through relationships in which the patient is the center is the basis on which the development of the healing hospital rests. Staff members ins pire foretaste by exhibiting unconditional love through the utilization of grieve care and the minimization of grief and stress levels of the patients and their families. Additionally, prayer strengthens hope and grounds the healing hospital in a spiritual relationship.Challenges of the Healing Hospital EnvironmentAs stated by Chapman (2010), there are five challenges that healing hospitals must conquer constantly. First, the growing amount of medical technology such as wires, tubes, and pharmaceuticals has monopolized healthcare to the point that healthcare professionals have forgotten the healing essentials such as the loving care method and the belief in the unification of body, mind, and spirit. Identifying the demand for, and providing balance between loving care and technology results in a raise in patient satisfaction. Next, the progression of technology has resulted in a frightful focus on profits and market share rather than care. Although much ignored and neglected, the Servants Heart are faithful to their duty to provide Radical Loving Care this is where leading play an important portion in taking care of the people who take care of people (Chapman, 2010). Thirdly, intimacy between patients and employees are often stripped as traditional hospitals and prisons partake in a lawsuit of institutionalism that destroys identity. By exchange patients clothes with hospital garments, names with identification numbers, and privacy with sharing rooms with strangers, a common institutionalism is set.Moreover, see hours restrictions havethe tendency to make a patient feel as though he or she is a hostage. In contrast, caregivers are often required to perform repetitive tasks with unparalleled precision. This is referred to as a bureaucracy or an organization that resembles a difficult-to-work-with machine (Chapman, 2010). In addition, cynicism is deleterious when it comes to caring for the patient. Believer or not, love should not be seen as a nice thing but as a vital part of patients recovery (Chapman, 2010). Healing is multi-faceted and and embodies the physical, emotional, and spiritual concerns of the patients. Lastly, leadership is a dig munificent component in patient healing. Given the opportunity and responsibility to prioritize loving care, leaders are encouraged to make sure their caregivers provide it.Biblical Passage Supporting the Concept of a Healing HospitalJames 514-15 illustrates Jesus healing of the ill. In particular, Jesus asks if there are any ill people in the crowd. If there are, they should call for the elders of the church for an anointing with the sacred oil. This type if anointment will heal the sick because of their faith through the power of prayer (King James Version). This advocates the healing hospital paradigm since it recognizes a clear relationship between healing and prayer. This passage enforces the same belief, whereby the greatness of the spiritual aspect of the healing process is brought to light. Since it is rooted in spirituality, prayer can effectively saturate hope in patients and families.Though a relatively new turn in the medical profession, the healing hospital is increasingly gaining in popularity. Not only affecting the body but also the patients and familys overall well being, the patient-centric attention and care facilities provided by the hospital adds to the healing hospital paradigm in a member that highlights radical love and compassionate care. Through spirituality, the healing hospital paradigm draws on hope and coping strategies, and thus forged support for its practices from both secular and religious communities. As in scriptures, a body frees itself of sin through piety and community, and with that community comes hope and solace.ReferencesChapman, E. (2010). Radical loving care structure the healing hospital in America. Nashville, TN Vaughn Printing.Milstein, J. (2005). A paradigm of integrative care healing with curing throughout life, being with and doing to. Journal of Perinatology, 25, 563-568. doi 10.1038/sj.jp.7211358Stefanidakis, S. (2001). Healing with color and the human aura. Retrieved February 11, 2011 from www.fst.org/aura2.htmYoung, C., Koopsen, C. (2006). Spirituality, health, and healing (1 ed.). Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

End-of-life Essay Example for Free

End-of-life EssayEnd-of-life care is a form of medical intervention which is usu every(prenominal)y provided for terminal illnesses, when the condition is no longer curable and both effort should be make at improving the attribute of life rather than increasing the epoch of life. Cancer is one condition which is incurable during the advanced stages. End-of-life usu onlyy does non involve provision of antineoplastic treatment but concern for lowering the physical symptoms (especially pain so that the longanimous is comfortable), addressing the psychosocial issues and the religious concerns, so as to improve the quality of life. Often an honorable dilemma exists at the situations under which end-of-life care should be started. The need to provide end-of-life care arises out the docs obligation to curb that the unhurried bear live and die with dignity, compassion, comfort and respect. Two of the cases which demonst localise the medical students obligations to the per severings were the Ann Quinlan case (1976) and the Cruzan V. Harmon case (1988) (Meisel, 2005 Rekel, 2007). In the Quinlan case, Ms.Quinlan suffered irreversible damage to the brain cortex and was left in a permanent vegetative solid ground. She need ventilator support, artificial nutrition and artificial hydration to maintain her medical and nursing care. She could be kept viable for both duration, but this was morally not required and not in the patients lift out post. The physicians refused to remove ventilator support and hence the family had to go to the New Jersey Court.The mash in the landmark decision permitted to remove ventilator support as it was not in the patients best interest. The court had said that although the patient was in a permanent vegetative state and did not have to ability to make a decision well-nigh withdrawing ventilator support, it did not mean that she could not exercise her choice and give her decision. The decision-making could be make by a surrogate who would be doing so in the best interest of the patient. In the Roe vs.Wade case, the court gave the decision that the patient could control their medical treatment and had the chastise to make decisions. In the Cruzon case, after the ventilator was removed, the patient survived for about 10 years. The Missouri court in this case did not follow the advice of the parents on removing life-saving support. The court said that all measures should be do in best interest of the patient, and if there were not clean-living evidence of the patients wishes, then the legal guardian should be acting in the patients best interest.The court said that even if there was a need to hold out life by ventilator support, if there was no evidence that the patients best interest would be fulfilled. In the case Westchester County Medical Ctr (1988), the New York court said that there had to exist undefendable and convincing evidence whenever important decisions had to be interpreted by the surrogate (Meisel, 2005 Rekel, 2007). Some of the common respectable issues regarding medical treatment have been beneficence and non-maleficence.The physician should do treatment that receiptss the patient and does not power more harm. They should help reduce the suffering and help the patient to return to health. However, in the end-of-life issues, the patient would be dying due to the terminal cancer condition, and using life-sustaining treatment would not have any potential benefits, as it would prolong life, but not improve the quality. In this case medical treatment is doing lot harm than benefits, and hence using it would be inappropriate.However, a clear judgment has to be made in the clinical-decision making and one of the most important issues is whether the patient has made the intention of withdrawing all the life-saving treatment and instead goes into palliative care (in which symptomatic treatment would be provided so as to improve the quality of life during the l ast few days). Having the patient make this decision is based on another ethical principle known as autonomy. The patient has the right to choose or disregard whichever treatment he/she wants as the have the right to control any act that is done with their body (Walker, 1999 Meisel, 2005).Implications of take chances management Mainly with the use of opioids to manage pain (especially from its prolonged use) Clinical practice guidelines and protocols should be followed to ensure the greatest amount of benefits for the patient in the form of improved quality of life and lowered excitation levels (Hoffman, 1998). The right to autonomy of the patient should not be disregarded under any circumstance. The patient has the right to choose palliative treatment or reject it based on their own choices. The patient whitethorn also want to undergo curative treatment for cancer even though the survival rate may be low.The patient should be informed of the benefits, risks, options, outcome and costs of all forms of treatment on tap(predicate). The physician should answer all the queries the patient has of all the available forms of treatment. No treatment should be done against the leave and intention of the patient. If the patient is not able to make a honest decision as they may not be legally competent, then the surrogate (including the family member or a legal guardian) of the patient should make a decision on the patients behave, keeping in mind the clear interests of the patient (Walker, 1999, Meisel, 2005 Rekel, 2007).There may be a lot of competing loyalties between the patient and the brass- The brass may try to keep the interest of the patient in mind and may do all that it can to reduce sufferings, improve the quality of life and ensure a peaceful end The organization may demonstrate a greater opinion towards anticancer treatment as it would involve high costs (even though it is not beneficial to the patient anywhere) Even though the patient can b enefit to a reasonable extent from anticancer treatment, the organization may force end-of-life care on the patient, as the family members have provided consent. In this case the family members would be having conflicting interests with the patient and may want a quick end to the patient. To prevent any conflicting interest of other parties, it is important that any decision made regarding use of anticancer treatment of initiation of end-of-life care should be clearly justified and documented through evidence-based findings.An ethical approach should be initiated to ensure that all issues are sorted out keeping the patients interest in mind- The physician should ensure maintaining autonomy of the patient at all stages If the patient is not competent enough to make a decision by himself, decision-making should be done by the surrogate keeping in mind the patients interest and choices It is the obligation of the physician to ensure that the patient lives The patients competence n eeds to be determined so that a reasonable decision can be ensured The patient has to be informed of all the alternative choices available at all the stages In case of diagnosis of a terminal illness, confirmation should be taken from two physicians (second opinion) In case of terminal illness, and the patient choice palliative care, efforts should be made at all stages to improve the quality of life (through symptomatic treatment of physical problems, addressing the psychosocial and spiritual issues), rather than on prolonging life The other issues which need to be addressed include- 1.Active euthanasia This is legal in only a few states of the world including Netherlands and Belgium. The patient should make a reasonable decision, and should be a native from that state in which euthanasia is legalized. The physician himself would take the active pure tone of ending the patients life. The patient should be diagnosed with a terminal illness 2. Physician-Assisted Suicide This has been legalized in the US state of Oregon, PAS has been legalized. The patient would perform the active step of ending life and the physician would scarcely assist the patient.The patient should be diagnosed with a terminal illness (in which death would be certain at bottom 6 months). The patient should be legally competent to make a reasonable decision (Rekel, 2007).ReferencesHoffmann, D. E. (1998). disquiet Management and Palliative mission in the Era of Managed Care Issues for Health Insurers, Journal of Law, Medicine Ethics, 26(4), 267-289. http//www. aslme. org/enquiry/mayday/26. 4/26. 4c. php Meisel, A. (2005). Ethics, End-of-Life Care, and the Law Overview, Retrieved on August 16, 2008, from Hospice Foundation Websitehttp//www. hospicefoundation. org/teleconference/books/lwg2005/meisel_jennings. pdf National Cancer Institute (2002). End-of-Life Care Questions and Answers, Retrieved on August 16, 2008, from NCI Website http//www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Support /end-of-life-care Rekel, R. (2007). Rakel Textbook of Family Medicine, 7th ed, Philadelphia Saunders Elsevier. Walker, R. M. (1999). Ethical Issues in End-of-Life Care, Cancer Control, 6(2)162-167. http//www. medscape. com/viewarticle/417700_1

College app Essay Example for Free

College app Essay1. Obtain performances. Applications fag end be obtained online at college websites downloadable and electronic applications be now in stock(predicate) at most college websites. In fact, most colleges now prefer that applicants complete their online application (as opposed to the printable paper application), as it is more efficient for them and for you. Application presents may be waived by some schools if you use the electronic applications. However, if you would like to complete the application by hand, you may obtain a printable version online or by calling, writing, or e commiting to request an application and information. Some applications ar operational in the Career Center (check with Ms. Roth). NOTE Students are responsible for completing and mailing their college applications, essays, and processing fees to the college to which they are applying. All of your application pieces do not have to be mailed at the same time. As materials are sure, th e colleges will create your file. After submitting applications, you will want to follow up with each college to progress to sure that they have received all pieces of your application so that they can convey to evaluate your application.2. history a Senior Interview with your Counselor. Counselors will be meeting individually with you to discuss your post-graduation plans and to discuss how they can help you with the process and with your plans. If you are applying Early Decision or Early Action schedule a conference in SEPTEMBER. 3. Complete your bodily process Sheet, Counselor Recommendation magnify Sheet and Parent Brag Sheets. Pick up the brag sheets and an example of an exertion sheet from your school counselor, Career Center or on Family connection in the Document Library section.4. Students must complete an Annandale High School replica Request and Release of Records form at least three weeks prior to the colleges application deadline in order to break our student s ervices staff ample time to process your transcript and/or letter of recommendation. This form can be retrieved from Ms. Garman in the Office of Student Services or in the Family Connection Document Library. Once completed and signed by you and your parent, the form should be returned to Ms.Garman along with the sideline for each college youre applying to The colleges Secondary School Report Form (if required), a typed copy of your Activity Sheet, an AHS envelope address to the colleges Office of Admission and TWO stamps. If applying to more than 3 schools a $5. 00 fee is required for each additional school. Once the process is completed, your information will be mailed from our line to the colleges to which youre applying. 5. Obtain teacher or counselor recommendations. Students should refer to each colleges application to find break how many recommendations are required, if any. Not all schools require a recommendation.For Teacher recommendations, students must give the teach er one self-addressed, stamped envelope for EACH school to which they are applying. The teacher will then mail the recommendation directly to each college. Again, delight be sure to give them at least 3 weeks notice on getting a letter of recommendation out. We recommend that Juniors ask their teachers if theyd be willing to write them a letter of recommendation for college at the end of their Junior year. For Counselor recommendations, students should englut out the Counselor Recommendation Brag Sheet and attach a typed or written Activity sheet or Resume of Activities.In addition, the students parent or guardian must fill out the Parent Information Sheet. Please be very detailed when filling out these forms. When finished, these forms should be given to your counselor at least three weeks prior to the colleges application deadline. Please note that your counselor will not write a letter of recommendation until these forms are received and a senior meeting has been held. 6. Regis ter for all admissions probesSAT I, SAT II, minute, and TOEFL. Fee waivers are available for students who receive free or reduced Lunch. Please ask your school counselor for a test fee waiver.Colleges require that student test scores be sent directly to them via Collegeboard (www. collegeboard. com) or ACT (www. act. org) or TOEFL (www. toefl. org). You may send your scores free of charge to a maximum of 4 schools if they are sent within the designated window of opportunity. You will have to pay a fee for any additional scores sent. 7. Begin Scholarship searches NOW Do not wait until you have been judge to college to begin your search for money A good place to start would be scholarship database in Family Connection under the College Tab if you dont know where this is, see Ms. Roth in the Career Center.8. Keep organized. entrust each schools materials in its own folder and create a check refer for each application. Identify deadlines Remember that application deadlines and fina ncial aid deadlines are often times incompatible dates. 9. Dont succumb to Senioritis Dont stop working after you have been accepted you have been accepted to a college provided you finish out your second semester satisfactorily Colleges are not acrophobic to change their mind on their decision to accept you. 10. RELAX DONT STRESS let out If you are, please see your counselor or Mrs. Roth in the Career Center for help with the process.

Counselor Essay Essay Example for Free

counselor Essay EssayMichael is a Case Manager at heart Spectrum Health hospitals and has been for four-spot geezerhood. Michael is twenty-eight years old and enjoys doing his job although he has stated that it can be difficult at times. Michael stated that sometimes there is over time when otherwise employees call in and case load can be heavy at times. Michael stated that every so often he has to wear a pager so employees within the hospital can bemuse ahold of them when emergent issues arise. On call is every trinity weekend and four days out of each month where Michael is on call 24/7. As Michael punches in for the day, he meets with diligents that are either just admitted or ready for discharge. Michael will help patients larn what they expect within the hospital so they will be pleased with the kind of care they authorized season in the hospital. Michael will also help patients that are ready to be discharged turn a profit everything needed for their home afte r they are discharged. Things such as canes, walkers, commodes, home care, Dr. Visits, etc. As I asked if Michael has every experience burnout he stated that he has felt burned out in advance and even a little overwhelmed when he is office staffd on call for a some days. Michael has never thought about quitting his job but he has felt the need to take a few days off ahead just to gain a clear mind and get prickle to consummation. One stage of burn out Michael has experienced would be stage three in which that is frustration. defeat comes within Michael when he is unable to complete every task that is expected of him. Michael has felt frustrated before when he is given excessively a great deal and non enough time to complete every task. Michael strives to do his best within his position and sometimes that is not enough because as he gains too much work, he cannot spend the time needed with the patients to ensure propercare is being achieved while the patient is in the hospit al. Michael often sets up agendas for his work and how to get the work through in a well-timed manner so he does not get frustrated when things dont get done or issues arise. Michael relieves frustration this way because he is able to visualize what he needs to do and what things to do first. Michael often takes times off from work in order to not get frustrated within his position. Michael will spend time with his family and while at home he will not let loose of work so that he can enjoy family time and not think of work while relaxing.Burnout is defined as an internal psychological experience that involves feelings, attitudes, motives and expectations. Burnout means the energy of an individual has been consumed by portion others. Energy crisis occurs when the psychic demand exceeds the supply. Burnout is often experienced with a state of somatic, mental and emotional enfeeblement caused by a long-term involvement within an emotionally demanding situation. Burnout is often acc ompanied by physical depletion, feelings of helplessness, disillusionment, negative self-concept and negative attitudes toward employment, people and life in itself. Burnout represents a breaking point where its weighty for an individual to cope with the environment surrounding them. Compassion fatigue is often caused by a work related stress and it is also an increase of loss in compassion over a blockage of time. Compassion fatigue can share similar symptoms of burnout but just not in an as severe way.There are many ways burnout can occur Burnout often comes in blocks that complicate Role ambiguity or the leave out of clarity concerning rights, responsibilities, methods, goals, status and accountability toward themselves. Role conflict is the significance of ademand placed on the individual that are incompatible, inappropriate and inconsistent within the value or ethics. Role overload is the quantity and quality of demands placed on the individual that are too great. Inconseq uentiality is the feeling of helplessness, the individual may feel that no matter what they do they are not honourable enough they gain littlerecognition, accomplishment, appreciation or success. Isolation means that individual may absentminded in corroborate or has minimal support and the last one is Autonomy, where the ability to make conclusiveness on what they will do and how they will deal with their patients may be affected by their place of employment. Signs of burnout may include tardiness, dreading work, turning to drugs or alcohol, withdrawing from friends or family, clockwatching, depression, sudden change in weight, suicide or homicide thoughts or attempts just to name a few.Burnout also comes in stages, there are four of import stages of burnout that can occur as an employee tries there absolute best within the position they have authoritative within any organization. stop one is enthusiasm, where the employee enters the job with high hopes and unrealistic expect ations. If the employee is not tempered by orientations, training and realistic expectations the Human Service work may fart to the second stage which is stagnation. Stage two is stagnation, where the employee starts to feel that personal, financial, and career needs are not met. This may happen as the employee visualizes other employees moving on faster than themselves, an increase in pressure at home, financial obligations increasing and lack of employee reinforcement from doing the job well. As these are not met or taken care of, burnout can lead to the next stage of frustration. Stage three is frustration, where the employee may doubt their Caretaker Interview 5 force outiveness, values or impact of their efforts within the organization. One employees frustration may hold a domino effect toward others because the effect of burnout are contagious within an environment. Frustration can be dealt with by arranging workshops and support groups to increase awareness and generate prob lem solving as a group effort. If frustration is not taken care of within a positive manner, frustration can turn into Apathy. Stage four is Apathy, where the employee meets the feeling of actually being burned out. The employee may become immobile, in denial and may be in stage of crisis. As an employee meets this stage of burnout, psychotherapy may be needed to reverse the actions of burnout and to get the employee at a positive state of mind.

Nature versus nurture Essay Example for Free

record versus aliment EssayWhile each squirt is born with his or her own distinct familial potential for physical, social, emotional and cognitive evolution, the possibilities for reaching that potential remain tied to early life experiences and the parent- baby alliance within the family (Weissbourd, 1996). When a baby is born, that child already posses something in common with every separate mortal in the world, a genetic gene pool. Just uniform anything else in life, when something is given to a person, the counselling that person displays what they are given depends on a variety of things. One aspect of human information that has been long debated in the history of psychology is the concept of nature vs. nurture. This phrase, first initiated by Sir Francis Galton in 1874 (S. Wood, 2011 E. Wood, 2011 Boyd 2011, p. 223), refers to the elements of genetic endowment (nature), and the effects of the environment (nurture). I leave briefly discus the various arguments f or the primacy of nature or nurture in personality development, intelligence, and creativity. Personality is, a persons characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking and feeling (psych book, 352).Heredity may in fact play an important role in the development of an individuals personality. On the other hand, most psychological theories, including analytical opening, give more emphasis to interpersonal influences. In kindergarten, learning to parcel is just as important as learning to write. Learning core values at a young age may grant more impact on a childs individuality than any specific genetic code. When growing up, children always look up to some matchless sometime(a) than themselves. A childs mind is like a sponge, gathering up other large bods actions and words.That is how children learn to share, talk and work well with others. Depending on the stimulation a child gets from others will alter the way that childs personality is in the future. If a child grows up with pa rents freehand them a positive message (lots of attention, giving positive feedback, showing love and affection on a regular basis) they have a more likely chance of being friendly, outgoing, empathetic and curious.When a child grows up with parents, who do not demonstrate a positive message, the child is more likely to have limited social skills, poor self-esteem, and less curiosity. Along with parental influence, there is also the influence of ones surroundings that can alter ones personality. A child, who is brought up in a desolate area, with teeny or no violence, is going to have a vastly different demeanor then a child who is brought up in a densely populated city, with a high crime rate. The chance that a male who is raised on a farm in Lancaster County will become a farmer is a lot more likely then a male raised in northwards Philadelphia.Children raised on farms learn the importance of a good work ethic and determination, because the child understands that if they dont work hard in the fields, their family wont survive. Children raised in north Philadelphia (also known as the bad lands) learn the importance of hard work, family, street smarts and grit. These children understand that because of where they live, they will urgency to learn these life lessons in order to only way of survive or and better themselves. enkindle isnt the only thing that influences a persons personality.Everyone has heard the sayings, He acts exactly like his father or He behaves like that because this is how he was brought up (Lupu, 2006, mo 1. 3). This is where the controversy comes into play. Psychologists have been debating the theory that heredity influences personality development. Psychologists at the University of Edinburgh carried out a study of more than 800 sets of twins found that genetics were more influential in shaping key traits than a persons home environment and surroundings (Archontaki, 2012 Lewis, 2012 Bates, 2012 sec 1. 2).The traits most commonly found between the twins were self-control, decision-making and soci cogency, only if heredity only develops a persons personality to a point. According to psychologists, the most reasonable answer of all is neither one, nor the other, but the interaction of the two the genetic and the environmental/educational/experience factor (Lupu, 2006, sect 1. 4). Therefore, heredity establishes the limits of ones personality traits that can be developed, while the environment represented by the cultural, social and situational factors influence the actual development within the limits (Lupu, 2006, sect 1.5).Another area of study that many psychologists have been debating on weather or not is the result of heredity or ones environment is intelligence. Psychologists like Sir Francis Galton and doubting Thomas Bouchard have done studies to check out weather or not intelligence is genetic or developmental. In 1874, Englishman Sir Francis Galton, studied a number of prominent females in Engla nd. Galton attempted to apply Darwins evolutionary theory to the study of human abilities. Galton cogitate that intelligence was inherited from genetics.Another psychologist who studied this field was Roger J. Sternberg. In 1988, Sternberg argued that there are a number of ways to demonstrate intelligence or adaptive functioning (Psychology 101, sect 4. 5). He suggested a model of intelligence referred to as the triarchic theory. According to this model there are three eccentrics of intelligence. The first type was analytical, or the ability to solve a problem by looking at its components. The second was creative, which is the ability to use new ways to solve problems. The third was practical, referring to common sense.While most IQ tests placard only analytical intelligence, they fail to include practical intelligence which is the most understandable to most of us (Psychology 101, sect 4. 5). This test did. Another study conducted was by the Minnesota Center for likeness and Ad option Research. Sense the 1980s, this query center has been recruiting fraternal and kindred twins to participate in search projects examining genetic and environmental influences on a variety of psychological variebles, including intellagents (S. Wood, 2011 E.Wood, 2011 Boyd 2011, p. 224).In 1997, the centers director, Thomas Bouchard, summarized all of the studies of intelligence that had been done at the center up that point (S. Wood, 2011 E. Wood, 2011 Boyd 2011, p. 224). What the data showed was amazing. Bouchard reported that the identical twins that had been reared apart at birth were closer than identical twins reared together, and brother and sister reared together. Their research using the adoption study method helps to support the conclusion that genes strongly influence IQ scores.

Adv & Disadvantages of Leadership Development Methods Essay Example for Free

Adv Disadvantages of Leadership Development Methods EssayProfessional qualifications that ingest refreshing will be supported if they are an essential criteria for the post * believe induction * combining Essential Update training * Manual Handling * Professional re- allowance training * PRINCE2, MSP, LEAN * Provides an understanding of how the Trust works * Provides health and safety training * Sends out a clear message that professional registration is recognise, important and is supported * Trust induction training tends to be very generic and does not of necessity relate to the job role * Training for re-registration is not always timely * Is dependent on bread and butter * Cost implications of ensuring that the training budget can cover training Elective LearningCourses that are not part of the essential criteria for the post will be deemed to be elective and will be landing field to the trust policy on supported learning * Courses identified as part of the personal gr owing plan * Influencing skills * Negotiating skills * MS Project/Other IT Skills * Meets specific needs for the individual* Can be delivered by others in the team or by a generic course * Ensures that leaders are presumption requisite skills * Some generic courses do not cover specific requirements * Is dependent on reinforcement being available Work Assignments Work assignments will be seen as an opportunity to help leaders develop specific competencies or practice key behaviours. * Specific goals will be set as part of personal development plans * Feedback on progress will be done both via ceremonious appraisal or by 11 feedback with line managers * Reiterates the message that lessons can always be learned* Gives leaders the growth opportunities to put theories and models into practice * Learning by doing * Unless well managed there is a tendency to concentrate on getting the job done * Opportunities are not always recognised or used to the full advantage Special Assignments/ Initiatives Involvement in short-term assignments or initiatives either generated from within the team or as part of a project team * Attendance at programme or project board meetings * Involvement in assignments/initiatives

Individual Assignment Essay Example for Free

Individual Assignment Essay1. Introduction Nowadays, as experts are bottomvas further and further roughly person-to-personity, the importance of it in the society and workplaces is highly aware by every cardinal. The more than we know just about personalities, the better we can understand why people do the things they do, and how to communicate with them. cunning about our own personalities, we can improve our styles, reduce stress and conflicts as well as sustain positive attitudes in life (punctuality, flexibility, willingness to learn, takeoff rocketliness)Therefore, through this paper, I will examine deeply in my personalities as a particular example to further understand this matter. Moreover, with the focus on how it affects me in personal and maestro development, I can find and improve myself to achieve the best success in my future.2. methodological analysis The basic concept of my assignment is the Big quint Personality Model. Five basic dimensions underlie each(prenominal) other and encompass most of the variation in human personality are * extraversion adepts comfort level with relationships. Extraverts get their energy from interacting with others, while introverts get their energy from within themselves. Extraversion includes the traits of energetic, talkative, and assertive while introversion personalities are usually quiet, reserved and shy. * Agreeableness the extent to which a person is good-natured, serveful, trusting, and cooperative. Traits include cosmos kind, affectionate, cheerful and warm. * Conscientiousness responsibilities and reliabilities.Conscientious people bemuse self-discipline, well-organized, careful and responsible. * Openness to experiences productive minds and willingness to learn. People with high level of openness tend to be imaginative, curious, independent and somehow artistic. * Emotional stableness ability to deal with stress and other tense situations. A person who is very stable emotionally wo uld remain calm in many situations and would feel secure. Bases on this theory, with the help of an online website, Ive got the take about my personalities according to Big Five Model. With this result, I will be able to evaluate and improve my race as well as my positive personalities.3. Analysis results Results http//img841.imageshack.us/img841/9448/yourbigfiveresults.png In my opinion, this result is matched 80% with my real personalities. In real life, I can be comfortable with people that I already knew before, especially classmates, parents, siblings I can do silly things, say lots of random things, and joke freely. However, with strangers, I usually go on a secured distance, be formal and respective as much as possible. Sometimes, in disadvantaged circumstances, I might be shy and stay quiet all the time being with strangers as I dont want strangers to know too much about myself.Thats why my result in Extroversion is a little above average score (59/100 respectively). Cons equently, this will help me find balance in group working, be opened and be quiet when needed. My job public presentation will be improved along with my social skills. Moreover, in competitive situations, especially facing with rivals, I can keep them from knowing about my strength and weakness or pretend like I am not a dangerous rival for them.Next, refer to Openness to Experience trait, because I rightfully like original, conventional and un win overable things so the low score (20/100) is reasonable. I dont have a variety of interests but wholly a few one and do it thoroughly with my passion. However, sometimes the closeness in my mind prevents me from create new ideas and stay creative while brainstorming. But its true that I am a down-to-earth person as I really scorn unclear, misleading, dishonest things/people.I know this attitude sometimes has a bad effect on my charge and my personal life since I am not willing to learn new things so my prepare performance will not b e as good as I expect. If I am a leader, I might ignore helpful creative ideas from my teammates. My honest and straight personality withal bring me hard times dealing with others although its a really worthy trait. However, I recollect that the original is perpetually the best basement for my every innovation. It helps me balance a group that contains many broad-minded people and keep conventional values of life.This conventional and honest personality might be one of the pregnant reasons leads to my disagreeableness (22/100 of agreeableness). Because I am a little stubborn and hard to be persuaded, sometimes I find the dishonest people, the unclear things or the too-reliable-on-others person really uncomfortable and annoy me. Normally, I am quite kind and lovable but whenever I am concentrating in doing something, I can easily be irritated by people who supply to distract me. My perfection attitude as well as get me into quarrels as I always find the mistakes in others perf ormances and try to fix it for them. Nevertheless, as my friends and teammates stated, the perfectionist deep down me really helps them a lot when they complete their tasks. I am easy to be angry and chafe but its always reasonable and related to work issues or problems of the equity. So I phone this is not a disadvantage but an advantage for my career and personal life.Be grimaces that, my flexibility in Emotional Stability helps me a lot in dealing with these two weaknesses. Despite easily being irritated by others, I can hold it in and balance my emotions really well. I do decision for tense situations really slowly and calmly. I dont take it as a pressure or stress but only a problem like other problems everyone necessarily to face in life. One important reason for the low score is I am genuinely an optimist, seeing things with believe, happiness and hope. Its not that I paint my life with pink, but my rational mentation always leads me to better things, not worsen the si tuations.As a result, my stress level will be reduced a lot, prevent me from being overload with tasks, problems, personal matters Because I know how to show my expressions and emotions at the right time, to the right person, my social relationships are really good, bring me benefits in both personal and professional life. I can tell that I have only one close best friend but I have a lot of good friends who are ready to help me anytime I need, thanks to my emotional stability.The last trait is conscientiousness with high score at 83/100. This indicates that I am a well-organized, disciplined and reliable person. I really hate disorganized things and people. I always try to arrange my stuff into a fixed positions and I hate when someone try to change it or make it messy. I usually make plans review its process regularly and try to halt as perfect as possible. If I am assigned a task, I will try to do it thoroughly and not let anyone complain about my performance, or at least fall in the bearable stage.This is applied with not only my personal events but also my working tasks and problems, especially tasks I have a lot of interests in like handicrafts, writing for magazines, reviewing things. In my point of view, this is the most important trait among five traits. My great efforts and responsibilities will bring me more and more knowledge, then contribute to higher(prenominal) level of my job performance, as well as help me organize my life effectively. Not only those but people also trust me and respect me for my enthusiasm, concentration and reliability. Therefore, if I am a leader, I can easily affect and lead my teammates follow my decisions or instructions also my position, status in the group will be firm and long lasted.4. Conclusion Lessons learned To summarize, my personalities according to Big Five are quite correct and bearable. The five traits, no matter how high or low, have received effects on our personal and professional development. It also indicates that everyone has their own personalities and no one is similar to another(prenominal) one. Although this is only a test and might not say everything about oneself, but based on those personalities, we can find the best solutions for our problems, the best way to live and the best career to take. Knowing about personalities, we can try to improve the good side and reduce or fix the bad side of our attitude to improve our living standard, job performance and satisfaction. Moreover, when dealing with relationships in society, we can have a wider view of one person, especially when being a leader joining in group workings or assigning suitable tasks.

The arrival of the cousins in Act one Essay Example for Free

The comer of the cousins in Act one EssayComp are the way Miller presents the relationships surrounded by Beatrice, Eddie and Catherine, before and after the arrival of the cousins in Act one.In 1915 the States was seen as the land of freedom for many Italians and they fled from the poor, grimy streets of Italy. America was there only hope and they came in there thousands to earn money for there starving families and run a risk a new life. The Carbone family as presented by Miller is one such family.The Carbone household conceals a weathervane of mixed feelings and from the start you can feel the latent hostility brewing under the false smiles and unspoken involution. We are introduced to Eddie Carbone, Beatrice Carbone and Catherine at the start of the play yet we are not told of there relationships with each new(prenominal) until later. At first it seems that Eddie and Catherine are together and we have no idea that they are uncle and niece.Beatrice knows of Eddies feel ings yet says nothing. This all adds to the tension and we know its all going to explode, the only question is when.The cousins arrival aggravates this or and even adds more conflict and tension.The first impression we get of the relationships in the house is that Eddie and Catherine are lovers. There actions towards each other are sexual and flirtatious yet they are trying to hide it. This is shown when Eddie refers to Catherines hiss as beautiful he could have been talking about the skirt or maybe Catherine as a whole. The relationship amongst Eddie and Beatrice on the other hand is one of duty rather than love.Beatrice is silent to what is going on or so her. This shows the big businessman Eddie holds over her. This is displayed throughout the play, by the lack of respect given to her and by how he speaks to her. For fount you lived in a house all your life, what do you know about it? this shows he doesnt respect her and thinks she has an late life. Catherine and Beatrices relationship is quite innocent at first and there doesnt seem to be much between them, it later appears that Beatrice holds a deep jealousy of the relationship she has with Eddie. This is shown by miller when Beatrice confronts Catherine about her behaviour around Eddie. Like when he comes home you throw yourself at him like when you was twelve years oldAlthough it is obvious to us that the relationship between Eddie and Catherine one of a sexual or desiring nature. Catherine appears to be oblivious to it, for subject she strikes a match and holds it to his cigar this is a truly up-close and personal act and then she blows out the match, this seems a very sexual act, with them being so close and her blowing out the match so close to his face, yet Catherine does not make anything of it and carries on.Catherine sees Eddie as a Father figure and is always seeking to impress him. Her actions are oft mistaken to be flirtatious when they can also be seen as innocent behaviour of a yo ung girl grimaceing for her fathers approval. One such instance is when Catherine starts running her hands over her skirt this can be seen as flirting or it can also be seen as though she is nervous because she does not know if Eddie approves.This is also apparent when Eddie says you aint all the girls this shows that he considers her to be special all because he is in love with her or because he sees her as his daughterBeatrice Knows of Eddies feelings towards Catherine however she cannot say anything because she fears Eddie and she holds it in, winning the anger out in her actions. For example when she is mad she gets up, clearing the dishes this shows that she doesnt want to confront Eddie therefore she occupies herself with other tasks. Beatrice is also jealous of Catherine she wants the same relationship that Catherine has with Eddie.Eddie holds the power in the house, with him being the only man. Both women look up to him and never contradict him. Miller clearly shows this throughout the start of Act 1. An example of Eddies power is when it says Eddie is standing facing the two seated woman this shows the women look up to him and it also forms a triangle with him being the top point, showing his power over them. This can also be seen as though both women are competing for Eddie.

OGrady Apparel Company Essay Example for Free

OGrady Apparel Company EssayAnalyzing Risk and retrovert on Chargers Products Investments young Sayou, a financial analyst for Chargers Products, a manufacturer of stadium benches, must estimate the run a risk and return of two summations, X and Y. The firm is considering addng these assets to its diversified asset portfolio. To assess the return and risk of from each one asset, Junior gathered data on the annual cash flow and beginning-and end-of-year values of each asset over the immediately preceding 10 years, 1997-2006.These data are summarized in the table below. Juniors investigation suggests that both assets, on average, will tend to perform in the future mediocre as they have during the ago 10 years. He therefore believes that the expected annual return laughingstock be estimated by finding the average annual return for each asset over the past 10 years.Junior believes that each assets risk can be assessed in two ways in isolation and as part of the firms divers ified portfolio of assets. The risk of the assets in isolation can be piece by using the standard deviation and coefficient of variation of returns over the past 10 years. The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) can be used to assess the assets risk as part of the firms portfolio of assets. Applying near sophisticated quantitative techniques, Junior estimated betas for assets X and Y of 1.60 and 1.10, respectively. In addition, he found that the risk-free wander is currently 7% and that the market return is 10%.

Various sources of finance Essay Example for Free

Various sources of finance attemptIn addition to bank loans there is a range of alternative sources of finance available. At uniform time, a loan from a bank might not be the best way ship for every business.THESE ARE THE MOST POPULAR ROUTES1. Own finance one can choose to take off his own business by using his own financial resources. This may be from savings accounts or other investments that he has. Typically, it is not advised that one should fund his start-up from personal overdrafts, loans or credit card game as these atomic number 18 not necessarily tailored to your business needs or requirements. 2. Family and friends You may keep family and friends who wish to invest in your business. This is often convenient and may allow you to get finance on favorable terms. However, make sure you have a formal agreement of loan terms in place so you or your family and friends argon not left unprotected in the event that you argon unable to repay the loan.3. Banks The most comm on forms of finance used by start-ups areBusiness overdrafts Banks convolution overdrafts as a form of short-term finance. These are available to companies that have business current accounts. They are a good way of covering any fluctuations of money coming in and going discover of your business. Term loans Loans are designed to help you buy equipment and supplies for your business. They are best if you need to buy stock-still assets, such as machinery or office equipment, where the amount you need is not going to change.4. Grants These are a good option for businesses looking for financial assistance for specific projects. mostly, funding comes from EC and UK government sources, including topical anesthetic authorities, charitable trusts,( e.g. prince Charles trust funds) and corporate sponsors. Further on www.grantnet.com5. Loans It is not just banks that can provide a loan. Business support organizations such as enterprise and development agencies can helpbusinesses looki ng for loans. The field Enterprise Network is a good example http//www.nationalenterprisenetwork.org/6. Business Angels Often high net worth individuals, Business Angels invest in high growth businesses on their own or as piece of a syndicate. In addition to providing finance, Business Angels often make available to companies their own skills, experience and contacts. If you are interested in finding out if a Business Angel is right for you, visit http// www.businessangel.org

Using Semi Structured Interviews Health And Social Care Essay

Using Semi Structured Interviews Health And Social C ar EssayBefore initiating the interrogates, more or less eighteen semi- incorporate questions were formulated, some of which were changed or re-worded during the course of the interview. Interview subjects were selected based on their position. The name of the delegation attractor for individually African component state was obtained from the UNFCCC secretariat. For certain member states, where the leading delegate was unable to be interviewed due to auspices reasons or timing, an alternative precedential member of the delegation was sought. A total of 23 African leaders were interviewed. auxiliary E lists the African convocation leaders who were interviewed as part of the study. The African leaders who were interviewed consisted of Presidents, Ministers, Ambassadors, Director Generals, Directors and other(a) senior personnel of the countries delegation such as the UNFCCC Focal consign Representative.The choice of a sem i-structured rather than a structured interview was employed as it offered sufficient tractableness to set out the individual respondents in different ways, while collecting the same data. All interviews were held in the variant root word meeting rooms of Bella Centre and halfof the interviews took place during the high level segment of COP15, i.e. between the sixteenth 18th December 2009. The interviews were pre-scheduled however, due to the overrunning of a number of the COP15 Plenary sessions, a certain degree of tractability was required by the questioner. In some of the interviews, an interpreter had to be used. In exclusively cases, this interpreter would be a member of the same African delegation as the interviewee. The duration of each interview alter from 45 minutes to 1 hours and 15 minutes.Before each interview commenced, the inquiryer gave an introduction bring discover the purpose and background to the enquiry, the interview questions, the length of the in terview in terms of sentence and the confidentiality of the results. Most senior interviewees were accompanied by security officers, engineerors or special assistants. A number of interviewees had invited one or 2 members of their delegation to give comments or information in addition to their own response and these were too preserve.The interviews were recorded using a combination or methods. Some were recorded using a tape record-keeper, whilst others were write down or a combination of both(prenominal) methods was used during the interview. The intention was to use a tape recorder for all interviews conducted, as this would examine the most accurate account of the conversations held. However, due to certain reasons, some security aides and ministerial assistants did not allow the use of a tape recorder. In these instances, the interview was tinned and a synopsis of the interview was read back to ensure the accuracy of the data captured. However, this slowed down the mou nt of the interview.4.7.5 Participant Observer gibe to Jorgensen (1989), thespian posting is most tolerate when certain minimal conditions are presentThe research problem is concerned with human meanings and interpretations gained from the insiders perspective.The phenomenon is sufficiently limited in surface and localization of function to be studied as a caseStudy questions are appropriate for a case.The research question can be addressed by qualitative data gathitherd by direct observation and other means pertinent to the cranial orbit compass.Jorgensen (1989) further states that participant observation is particularly appropriate for exploratory studies as it is a a special form of observation and a unique way of collecting data Direct involvement in the here and now of peoples daily lives provides both a point of pen for the logic and process of participation observational inquiry and a strategy for gaining access to phenomena that commonly are obscured from the stan dpoint of a non-participant.Furthermore, according to Iacono et al (2009), participant observation can arise from an on-going work part where the researcher is an industry practitioner. Given this researchers professional position as a practitioner in the theater of management consultancy and her current assignment as the Special Technical Assistant to the Minister of Environment, participant observation was used as a method to further understand the sort out decision-making process of African leaders within the context of the African conference. Observed were the daily activities in relation to how decisions were do, the interaction between delegates and the pigeonholing dynamics.The formal African sort meetings scheduled from 8am 9am daily were attended, as well as the African free radical meetings relating to the Kyoto Protocol between 7pm 8pm, each day. These African Group meetings were at the technical level. A total of 18 African Group meetings at the technical lev el were attended during COP15. The researcher also attended all four meetings of the African Ministers Committee on Environment (AMCEN) and the two meetings of the Conference of African Heads of State on humor Change (CAHOSCC).The comprehensive sessions of the COP15 / MOP5 were closed to party delegates. However, as the researcher was registered as a participant to the Conference, further need to negotiate access to the plenary sessions was not required. During the meetings of the African Group, AMCEN, CAHOSCC and the plenary sessions, detailed observations and field notes were made, including observations on the culture of the UNFCCC decision-making environment. As a researcher, being in the midst of the decision-making process allowed my own disposition and notions to be continually challenged by the action and words of the African leaders within COP15.Conversations were had and questions were asked during the African Group meetings only.4.7.6 Focus GroupsAccording to Morgan (1 997), Focus Groups are a way of collecting data through root word interaction on a offspring determined by the researcher. Morgan (1997) also states that way groups are especially useful when seeking to gather a large amount of interaction on a topic in a limited period of time. According to Greenbaum (2000), the goal of a condense group is to bowl over into attitudes and feelings about a particular topic, to understand the why behind certain behaviours.Other researchers, such as Gibbs (2007) states emphasis on group research involves organised reciprocations with a selected group of individuals to gain information about their views and experiences of a topic that is particularly suited for obtaining several perspectives about the same topic. Gibbs further states the benefits of focus group research includes gaining insights into peoples divided understandings of everyday life and the ways in which individuals are influenced by others in the same situation.According to Fern (2001) focus groups can be distinguished in terms of the research purpose they serve, the types of information and association they produce, their scientific status and methodological factors. Fern (2001) also states that there are three types of focus groups i.e. exploratory, experimental and clinical. This research uses the exploratory type, as this type is used to explore a new issue, generate a possible action and for theory applications including generating theoretical constructs, causal relationships, models and theories. The researchers choice of using an Exploratory Focus Group can be summarised as follows The nature of the topic under investigationThe exploratory nature of the researchThe fact the researcher had ready access to members of the African GroupThe data collected would strengthen the findings of the research in pairing with other research methods adopted for the research.The focus group process consists of seven components. These include group cohesion, the d iscussion process, the outcome, group composition, research setting, the moderator and the group process factors (Fern, 2001). Some of these can be controlled by the researcher, while others cannot. The of import component is the discussion process and the exchange of information. The discussion process, in turn, affects the nature of the focus group outcome. Fern (2001) also states that group cohesion is of the essence(p) to the success of a focus group as it provides the reason for participants to bear to the discussion. Group composition and the focus group setting affect cohesion, both directly and in combination.Morgan (1997) states focus groups generally comprised of 6 10 individuals, whereas according to Fern (2001), smaller mini-group focus groups are also common with 4 6 participants. Morgan (1997) also states that the amount that each participant has to contribute to the discussion is a major(ip) thoughtfulness in determining group size. Small groups work best when t he participants are likely to be both interested in the topic and respectful of each other when the researcher desires to gain a gather in sense of each participants reception to the topic.The researcher conducted 6 focus groups comprising of 4 9 members.Compatibility is a major concern when determining the composition of focus groups. According to Morgan (1988), when participants perceive each other as basically similar they can spend less time explaining themselves to each other and more time discussing the issues at hand. Morgan (1988) also states that the classic way to achieve compatibility is by bringing together homogeneous participants. A shared background or demographic characteristics, i.e. gender, race or ethnicity, age, location or residence, educational level, occupation, income, marital status or family composition are a common basis for selection. Too much homogeneity, however, can snare the range of issues and positions discussed therefore a degree of heterogene ity was sought in the selection of the African Group members.In this research, the participants were selected on the basis of gender, occupation and location (in terms of the African county they represented). Gender was chosen to ensure female representations amongst members. In terms of occupation, all the respondents were leaders within the environmental sector and had a relatively good understanding of the purpose of COP15. Locality was an important factor, as the researchers aim was to have a member from each of the African states represented in the various focus groups. This was not achieved, due to the difficulty of get participants together at the same time due to the volume of meetings and side events being held during COP15. The size of each focus group varied from 6 9 participants as stated above.The setting refers to the space in which the focus group takes place. Considerations for setting include the ambient (i.e. tangible or physical) characteristics of a room, the tables, chairs and recording equipment (Fern, 2001). The setting of the focus group meetings was fixed for the duration of the conference. The set-up of the meeting room for the focus groups is illustrated in Figure 5 below. This is based on a group comprising of six participants.The date of each focus group meeting was fixed however there was need to be flexible on the timing due to meetings and plenary sessions over running. Most of the focus group meetings were held during the low week of the conference, to avoid impacting on the meetings scheduled to interview Ministers and Heads of Governments during the second week of the conference.The majority of the respondents used for the focus group interviews, were technical members of their delegation, but all were in a position of leadership. Suggestions about the optimal number of focus group sessions range from 2 to 8 (Fern, 2001). Though most focus group research shows that fewer than five sessions are adequate, if the purpose of the research, as is the case with this study, is to collect a total population of thoughts rather than common or unique ones (Fern, 2001).Appendix F gives a breakdown of the focus groups held, the participants and the country of origin of the participants. The aim of the researcher was to achieve a good representation of leaders across the continent.Morgan (1997) identifies some more considerations in determining the number of focus groups. Probably the most important of these is the variability of the participants both within and across the groups. Within groups, when there are more heterogeneous participants, this will typically require a larger number of groups to sort out the different sets of opinions and experiences. Degree of structure of the interview also has an impact on the number of groups required.Less structured interviews, with lower levels of moderator involvement, require more groups. Another significant consideration concerns the availability of participants. If th ere are fewer potential participants available or if they are highly dispersed, several smaller groups of a smaller size are required to address the criterion of saturation. All these factors were considered in determining the exact number of focus groups used in this research.Discussion process (Foulkes, 1964, as cited in Fern, 2001) provides a series of factors which guide the focus group discussion process. These factors represent sequential stages in the group discussion. The first factor, social integration, is the opportunity for adapted participation of all group members in the discussion. The second, the mirror reaction, is the individual participants realization that others share similar ideas, anxieties, or impulses and this then relieves the anxieties they feel in relation to participation in the focus group. Condenser phenomenon, as the third base factor, is an activation of the collective conscious and unconscious that makes it easier to talk about the issues raised i n the discussion. Finally, exchange, is the process of manduction information and explanations that makes up the bulk of the discussion.In the 90 minutes scheduled for each focus group, the first 10 minutes were devoted to the first two factors, social integration and mirror reaction. This included time for participants to check in and become acclimatised to the room and engage in light conversation with the researcher and other participants. Introductions were made and participants got to know a little about each other. Participants were then asked to take a sit around the table. The researcher set the stage in terms of the role of the researcher, the purpose, and the ground rules (i.e. use of sound recorder) and the role of the researcher as the moderator for the session (Greenbaum, 2000).Interview questions were tailored for about 80 minutes of discussion. severally focus group was conducted in a moderately structured manner. As such, the researcher was guided by a set of ques tions, but neither the exact wording nor the order of questions was predetermined. Likewise, the questions themselves were adjusted from focus group to focus group as information gleaned and data analysed from previous groups was used to guide each later(prenominal) group.As previously explained in earlier chapters, fully structured style was not used as this research is exploratory and the intent was to determine the participants perspective. On the other hand, a fully unstructured approach was not considered suitable as the researcher possessed insights into the relevant discussion topics from an extensive review of the literary works and her personal experience as a consultant/practitioner.Generally, the focus group began with each participant providing a brief personal introduction. Questions were then asked about Africas preparedness for the COP15. This was followed by questions relating to how the African Group worked. These questions were used to ascertain, whether there wa s an understanding and awareness amongst members on the decision-making process of the African Group, and whether the Group leaders fully understood the process. Furthermore, it was important to ascertain whether members of the group were aware of the background and commencement of Africas common position. Other questions that were discussed included those relating to the participants views on the impacts of Climate Change on Africa and the main concerns of the African Group. In addition there were questions relating to their views on whether they felt the decisions made by African leaders were rational and what the likely outcome from COP15 in terms of the expectations of the African Group would be.A final important component to the discussion process is the moderator. In a focus group, the moderator is a facilitation or discussion leader, not a participant to the discussion (Fern, 2001). Two important considerations must be taken into account when deciding on a moderator. These ar e prior experience and relationship to the participants (Morgan, 1998). As the researcher had both, she made the decision to use an independent moderator for the focus groups.Focus Group Outcomes The focus group outcome refers to the success of achieving the researchers goal. Fern, (2001), defined outcome asTask performance effectiveness (i.e. quality, quantity, and the cost of information)The users reaction (i.e. satisfaction with the process and output), andGroup member relations (i.e. cohesive, compatible, and lively groups)(Fern 2001).