The Hunt For Witches By William Golding - 1513 Words

The Hunt for Witches In 1692, Puritans practiced purity, worked hard and believed that God was the center of everything. The children were to be obedient to their parents and follow the ways of â€Å"pureness† outlined before them. They were to serve God and not participate in any form of witchcraft. The Puritans believed that anything that happened was either an act of God or the devil. However, the children loved the stories told by Tituba, a Barbadian slave, belonging to Reverend Parris and dancing around the fire. The stories and the dancing went against everything that the Puritans stood for and when the girls were caught breaking the rules, they had to cover themselves from punishment. When the young girls became â€Å"ill† from being†¦show more content†¦Abigail Williams, and other young girls began showing signs that they were infected by witchcraft. To prevent from getting in trouble for participating in the stories and dancing around the fire, the gi rls through fits and screamed uncontrollably. Once Mr. and Mrs. Putnam state their belief that their daughter Ruth is ill from witchcraft, Salem began its witch hunt. The Puritans could not stand by and watch the devil invade their town or their children. They had to rid the town of the impurities. Longing for freedom, Tituba decided that she would confess to being a witch. She named Sarah Good, Sarah Osborn, and others of being witches. Still wanting to protect themselves from engaging in impurity, the girls confirm Tituba’s story. Although the girls did the majority of the accusing, some adults accused others of witchcraft. Mr. Putnam also accused Sarah Good and Sarah Osburn of being witches. He also accused Rebecca Nurse and George Jacobs. Mr. Putnam wanted to gain land from the accused. Abigail also accused Mrs. Proctor of being a witch, in revenge for firing her for having an affair with John Proctor. Salem was in an uproar. Reverend John Hale, an expert on witchcraft, was called in to help flush out the witches. Judge Hathorne and Judge Danforth presided over the witch trials. More people were accused of being witches, including Sarah Good’s four-year-old daughter. Many of the accused witches confessed to being witches.

Essay on Put An End to Cyber-Bullying - 1084 Words

â€Å"Did you know, Bullying victims are 2 to 9 times more likely to consider committing suicide?† (DoSomething.org). Many children and teenagers in today’s society are not only faced with being bullied at school, but they deal with it online at home as well. Social media sites, where children are supposed to be able to express themselves and not be victimized, are a growing statistic of where bullying is taking place (Foxman, Abraham, and Silverman). With more and more children each and every day gaining access to the internet; from blogs to Facebook even Email; these sources are making it easier for bullies to harass their victims. Am I saying we should do away with all of these sites and communication sources? No! I, myself use them, but†¦show more content†¦If we can resolve the issues with cyber-bullying, it will make the internet a better place for people on there with the right intentions. We can monitor activity without invading privacy; you don’ t have to go through a person’s entire space to see if they are bullying someone. This is not the only argument against these laws though; many people feel that these laws impose on their First Amendment Rights. The First Amendment of our Constitution states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of...or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (www.archives.gov). Many times before, the government has made changes to these amendments through Article V of the Constitution of the United States. In my opinion, creating a law against bullying is not going to take away your Freedom of Speech; it would be a law to protect the victims of your decisions. This action should not be seen as a restriction on your abusive behavior, but as a way to help and shelter the victims of bullying. If now you are offended by these laws coming into place, you should have thought of your previous actions that caused them to be made. We have to protect the youth of our current generation and those in the upcoming generations by passing and placing these laws in effect. It shouldn’t matter if you feel it restricts your fr eedom of speech, it is not taking it away, maybeShow MoreRelatedCriminalization of Cyberbullying1026 Words   |  5 Pageseffects of cyber bullying are becoming a growing problem, the criminalization of cyber bullying is needed to prevent its harmful repercussions to the United States and serve as a deterrent. Cyber bullying has become the 21st century version of bullying; it has extended beyond the classroom and onto a virtual world that seems to have no real-life effects. The world is now able to bully someone in the comfort of his or her own home, at any given point, with the use of technology. However, Cyber bullyingRead MoreCyber Bullying : Experienced Cyber Threats Online And On Social Media1439 Words   |  6 PagesAmanda Kocks English IV Devereux 9/15/14 Cyber Bullying More than one in three young teens has experienced cyber threats online and on social media. Specifically 83% of teenagers use a cell phone regularly, making it the most popular form of technology and an easier way to access the internet. Being tormented, threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed and otherwise targeted by another teen is known as cyber bullying. With statistics this alarmingly high, bullying has become the largest issue facingRead MoreUsing Technology as a Weapon in Cyber Bulling911 Words   |  4 PagesCyber bullying is a form of bullying that uses electronic technology as a ‘weapon’ to inflict emotional distress to its victims. Electronic technology refers to equipment such as computers, tablets and phones. 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No matter how this problem comes about or what process individuals go through to get to this point, it is an irresponsible yet dangerous form of action. Bullying in any form can cause harm to the victim, even death. Making a choice to be a bully is like that of building a bad character for one’s self. Definition CentersRead MoreIs Bullying A Serious Problem?1683 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of the Problem Bullying has been an ongoing problem all over the world for as long as people can remember. Bullying by definition is, to use superior strength or influence to intimidate (someone), typically to force him or her to do what one wants. Bullying is a very serious problem, victims of bullying are more prone to depression. Bullying does not affect just one group, it can happen to anyone making it a prevalent threat to all of society. Approximately 160,000 teens skip school everyRead MoreCyber Medi The Virtual War1094 Words   |  5 PagesCyber-bulling: The Virtual War Bullying is a term that most of us recognize. We have either experienced it first hand or been a witness to it. Due to the precedent of today’s technology and the high speed Internet, bullying has evolved into a virtual war zone and the casualties, unfortunately are our youths. As stated by Cross, Dooley, and Pyzalski (2009) cyber-bullying by definition is â€Å"an aggressive, intentional act carried out by a group or individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedlyRead MoreThe Necessity of Anti Bullying Laws1381 Words   |  6 PagesBullying can lead to many unwanted, harmful consequences for both the t victim and tbe perpetrator. There are many actions that are considered bullying as well as many different types of bullying, yet bullying laws already in place seem to be only consider specific types of bullying. 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Fostered Globalization of Critics and Criticism

Question: Discuss about the Fostered Globalization of Critics and Criticism. Answer: Introduction This paper focuses on critical evaluation of globalisation in the present context. The effect of globalisation has changed the economic status, trade relations, and business environment condition significantly. Globalisation has integrated developed and developing economies in terms of culture, business, and resource mobilisation. Business environment has become competitive and dynamic across different nations. Mostly seen effect of globalisation is increasing scope of foreign direct investment (Wijen et al., 2012). The concept of transitional economise has grown up due to effect of globalisation. Although globalisation has several positive effects on the countries, many critics argue against the globalisation. The rationale behind the criticism is that globalisation increases interdependence among the nations (Giulianotti, 2015). Global financial crisis, global recessions are evidence of negative effect of globalisation. The research report analyses various theories related to globalisation and their effect on the economies. The case study is Hong Kong that is chosen for the analysis. The effect of globalisation is shown in different sectors of Hong Kong and in the business environment. Social and economic aspects are considered in this study to show the effects clearly. The Discussion part analyses the integration of Hong Kong with global economy and consequences of globalisation on this economy. The discussion part is followed by the literature review section. Literature review: A Doiz, Lasagabaster Sierra (2013) depicted that globalisation is the process through which an economy is integrated with other economy through business relation, exchange of culture, resource mobilisation and free transfer of capital and labour. Workers of one country can move easily to other nations for better career opportunity. A multinational company can use local labour in order to reduce production cost. London Schneider (2012) has stated that globalisation integrates financial and commodity markets across different economies. As cited by Bowen, Baker Powell (2015), technological progress facilitate the globalisation. In the view Cetorelli Goldberg (2012), globalisation has made the nature of financial market complex than before. Development of different financial products such as futures and options derivatives has reduced the exchange rate risk in the international trade. However, as opined by Bowen, Baker Powell (2015), complexity of financial market has led to the glo bal financial crisis during 2007-08. US mortgage crisis, collapse of banking institutions in the major European countries are the consequences of global financial crisis. Business outsourcing is the result of globalisation in dynamic business world. Several countries have taken policies of trade liberalisation and resource mobilisation (Davidson et al., 2014). Therefore, a business organisation in a country can outsource its resources in term of labour and capital in another country for the reduction of cost in the business (Zajda, 2015). Globalisation has shown its effect on wider section of the society such as business, transportation, telecommunication and other service sector, industrial sector, banking institution, educational sector and agricultural sector. It also disrupts the cultural traits of countries. This can be both positive and negative point for the countries like Hong Kong. Developing countries which join in economic globalization can take the benefits of their comparative advantage. As stated by Chin (2012), it will help them to earn more foreign currency. It will also provide those countries a bigger market than the domestic one. This trait ensures efficient allocation of resources in the developing countries. Economic globalization also helps the developing countries to acquire new and better technologies, which help the countries in their developing. The foreign domestic investments that come through the channels of economic globalization also help the developing countries in improving and it triggers the developing process. The investments create employment in the receiving countries. Economic globalization opens the domestic market to the international market, where the number of sellers is more. It helps the governments in strengthening the market competition, which in turn helps the consumers. According to the critics of economic globalization, though this process was supposed to improve the economic conditions of the countries, in reality, this is not prominent (Hay and Marsh, 2016). According to the studies done by the United Nations, economic globalization has increased the gap between the developed and developing countries more than it was supposed to reduce (Gwynne Cristobal, 2014). The income gap also increased among the developing countries. Some of the developing countries could avail the benefits of economic development while the other countries could not. This situation advocated inequality in income. Those countries which could not avail the benefits of economic globalization lost certain percentages of per capita income in the country. According to Zhibiao (2013), economic globalization puts a country in front of several unpleasant economic situations. The open economy reduces the power of the domestic government. The domestic economy is controlled by the government with the help of the macroeconomic variables. As a country participates in economic globalization, it becomes vulnerable to other macroeconomic variables which were not present in its economy before. It reduces the responsiveness of the economy to the policy measures by the government authorities. Also, each country has own uniqueness. Following the views of Scott (2013), the native cultures can lose their uniqueness due to the openness which follows economic globalization. Every culture has its own values and attributes, music, language, and many other traits. The economy of a country evolves with these changes. As stated by Sturgeon (2013), many economists who have advocated for the economic globalization have also pointed out the negative traits of it. Hong Kongs export industry being focused after globalization required resources, which were provided by the authorities by neglecting the domestic market. Along with the FDIs came terms and condition which weakened the countrys policies. It will help them to avoid the unfavourable traits of economic globalization. The countries can use fiscal and monetary tools to reduce the negative effects of the economic globalization. By changing the domestic interest rates and tax structures, the government can control the foreign involvements in the domestic country. Discussion: According to various economists, the economic globalization gives many opportunities to the domestic economy at the beginning (Dreher, Gassebner and Siemers 2012). The new and enlarged market helps the domestic sellers to exhaust their accumulated inventory. It also helps the domestic job seekers to find new jobs which are related to international markets. Hong Kong took its benefits to reduce unemployment in the country. The macro economic variables which shape an economy will become more efficient due to the openness. It will reduce the over exhaustion of domestic resources. But due to achieving a bigger market, the domestic sellers will try to supply more using the domestic resources. It will increase the exhaustion process. Economic globalization also increases the dependency of one economy on another. This trait was used while the formation of the European Union was started. It was assumed that two countries engaged in trade will be depending on one another. It will reduce the c hance of occurrence of a war. With less war, economies will improve at a faster rate. According to Knox and Marston (2013), the economic openness presented by economic globalization often carries the economic crises of one country to another. Hong Kongs export market faced the downturn because of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in the post GFC period. It also creates significant power imbalance between the developed and developing countries. This imbalance often leads to inequality in income. It makes the rich countries richer and poor countries poorer. It also puts the less powerful countries in more pressured situations. The openness also creates mixed cultures. The economic globalization creates various channels between two countries which often lead to a mixed culture. If the mixture is of the good traits of the cultures, then both of the countries will benefit from the trade. If the negative traits become highlighted during the mixing, it will be harmful for both of the countries and their economies. As stated by Pan (2013), the positive side of the economic globalization states that it will make easier for the transportation of commodities, services, people, capital, machineries, resources, and others from one country to another. It will also increase the speed of the transportation and reduce the cost regarding the process, from which Hong Kong benefited largely. It also advocates that free trade will be possible due to economic globalization. The free trade will reduce the cost of transportation and keep the level of price of the goods being sold, low. It will be beneficial for the consumers. The consumer surplus will rise because of this. The total welfare will also increase in both countries as the dead weight loss will reduce. It also increases diversity in economies as the connectivity increases over the borders, which is the case in Hong Kong. The works gets intensified due to globalization, which can result in reduction in job security for the employees of the country li ke Hong Kong, which possess high wage. According to Baylis, Smith and Owens (2013), it also hampers the work-life balance of the common people. Hence, it can be concluded that, economic globalization is not always about positive traits there are some negative impacts on the economy as well. Analysis: The economic globalization increases the market demand and supply for the domestic market for countries like Hong Kong. The situation can be depicted in the figure below: As shown in the figure above, the GDP growth rate of the country shows high rate in most of the parts after the year 2000. There are fluctuations in the economy of Hong Kong which otherwise shows high growth. The fluctuations have been caused by global crises or shortage in those economies with which Hong Kong is engaged in trade. It also affects the inflation rate of the country. Hence, it can be said that economic crises in other countries can affect the domestic economy during globalization. According to Beeson (2014), the rates show that the after effects of the Global Financial crisis of 2007 have decreased the growth rate of GDP of Hong Kong to negative in 2009. The Asian Financial Crisis of 1999 has also affected the countrys growth. It came below one percent during 2001 as an aftershock. The inflation rate which works as a backbone of an economy also followed the same trend during these periods of turmoil. The FDIs which the country received increased its cash recession perio ds. flow which helped the economy to come out of these This is how economic globalization helps economies grow. According to the ideas of Hirst, Thompson and Bromley (2015), it helps the producers to get to the point where they can make efficient use of the available resources. This can be possible when capital, factors of production and technology move across borders freely or with fewer barriers. This also demands more research and demand regarding the production process. It also ensures that comparative advantage regarding a product or service is achieved by economy of Hong Kong. The comparative advantages will help the countries in earning more profit in the open market. If the channels of economic globalization get corrupted, it can hamper the economic growth of both the countries. According to Rahimi and D'Costa (2014), it will also increase the cost of transferring the factors of production. This will result in an increased price for the goods. Hence, efficiency will not be achieved. The negative traits can also transfer easily du e to the openness of the economies. Conclusion: In conclusion it can be said that the economic globalization can help an economy in growing at a faster rate and come out of the economic stagnations. The foreign domestic investments, which comes through the economic globalization channels helps a country with the investments in various domestic economic sectors. There are negative effects of globalization as well. Economic globalization can increase the income inequality between two countries income levels. It can also increase the income gap in the country as well. One of the positive traits of economic globalization is efficient allocation of the available resources within the borders of the country. But it can also hamper the allocation process if there are any mistakes or corruption in the allocation process. As the research shows there are many negative impacts of economic globalization in the economy, the positive impacts stops the governments from ceasing it as it was in the case of Hong Kong. The critics of globalization sometimes suggests that it will be better for an economy like Hong Kong to look after its industries in autarky situation as it will help the country to operate in a globalized market. Bibliography: Baylis, J., Smith, S., Owens, P. (2013). The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press. Beeson, M. (2014). Regionalism and globalization in East Asia: politics, security and economic development. Palgrave Macmillan. Bowen, H. P., Baker, H. K., Powell, G. E. (2015). Globalization and diversification strategy: A managerial perspective. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 31(1), 25-39. Cetorelli, N., Goldberg, L. S. (2012). Banking globalization and monetary transmission. The Journal of Finance, 67(5), 1811-1843. Chin, G. (2012). Responding to the global financial crisis: The evolution of Asian regionalism and economic globalization. Davidson, C., Heyman, F., Matusz, S., Sjholm, F., Zhu, S. C. (2014). Globalization and imperfect labor market sorting. Journal of International Economics, 94(2), 177-194. Doiz, A., Lasagabaster, D., Sierra, J. (2013). Globalisation, internationalisation, multilingualism and linguistic strains in higher education. Studies in higher education, 38(9), 1407-1421. Dreher, A., Gassebner, M., Siemers, L. H. (2012). Globalization, economic freedom, and human rights. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56(3), 516-546. Finseraas, H., Ringdal, K. (2012). Economic globalization, personal risks and the demand for a comprehensive welfare state. The Future of the Welfare StateSocial Policy Attitudes and Social Capital in Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 68-87. Giulianotti, R. (2015). The Beijing 2008 Olympics: Examining the interrelations of China, globalization, and soft power. European Review, 23(2), 286. Gwynne, R. N., Cristobal, K. A. Y. (2014). Latin America transformed: globalization and modernity. Routledge. Hay, C., Marsh, D. (Eds.). (2016). Demystifying globalization. Springer. Hirst, P., Thompson, G., Bromley, S. (2015). Globalization in question. John Wiley Sons. Knox, P. L., Marston, S. A. (2013). Human geography: Places and regions in global context. Pearson. London, L., Schneider, H. (2012). Globalisation and health inequalities: Can a human rights paradigm create space for civil society action?. Social Science Medicine, 74(1), 6-13. Lutz, B. J., Lutz, J. M. (2014). Economic, Social and Political Globalization and Terrorism. The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies, 39(2), 186. Pan, W. (2013). Comparison of agriculture and trade development between China and South Korea under economic globalization. Rahimi, F. A. F., D'Costa, A. P. (2014). Globalization and Economic Nationalism in Asia. Sassen, S. (2015). Losing control?: sovereignty in the age of globalization. Columbia University Press. Scott, A. (Ed.). (2013). The limits of globalization. Routledge. Sturgeon, T. (2013). Global Value Chains and Economic Globalization. Towards a New Measurement Framework. Report to Eurostat. Wijen, F., Zoeteman, K., Pieters, J., Van Seters, P. (Eds.). (2012). A handbook of globalisation and environmental policy: National government interventions in a global arena. Edward Elgar Publishing. Zajda, J. (2015). Globalisation and its impact on education and policy. In Second International Handbook on Globalisation, Education and Policy Research (pp. 105-125). Springer Netherlands. Zhibiao, L. (2013). Rethinking On the Second Wave of Chinas Economic Globalization Strategy [J]. Academic Monthly, 1, 015.

The Clinton Sex Scandal Essays - Lewinsky Scandal, Drudge Report

The Clinton Sex Scandal Rare is a person that crosses the path of the White House without some emotion of envy or awe. This building epitomizes world leadership and unprecedented power. This renowned leadership may be the only association made by certain countries, while in the United States many see an other significance: Watergate, Whitewater, Kennedy's brutal and mysterious assassination, and today, Clinton's "zippergate" scandal. When the President of the United States takes oath, he gives up a part of his life. His private life becomes the public's life, and they feel the right to know what happens behind the Oval Office. Now the Presidency must battle against Newspaper journalists, radio personalities, televised news reports and now, even more menacing: the Internet. Presidents who are constantly reminded of their power and prestigious rank, become exasperated because they cannot control the news media, even though they can to a large degree set the news agenda. Media has expanded in its presence, becoming widespread on the Internet, perhaps monopolizing the domain, by becoming more powerful and more used than written, televised or radio journalism. The Presidents' inability to control the press exposes their vulnerability and tends to question the actual power they can actually exert. All presidents, at some time or another, became frustrated at what they perceived as unfair treatment by the press, even while acknowledging its vital function in a free society, and many presidents have been a part of a scandal. The current Presidential scandal with Monica Lewinsky had swept the Nation overnight. It seems quite impossible to know just how it will all turn out, and unfair to even speculate, but the media certainly seems to think they possess that right. It is obvious that this story has changed the face of journalism, has put online media on the map in a major way, and has made life more difficult for newspapers forever. First, let's take a look at how this story developed and how it acted on the Internet. David Noack of E&P in his article "Web's Big Role in Sex Controversy" does a great job of detailing the twisting path this tale took from rumor to investigation to publication, and how the Internet played a key part. Noack points out in his article that the "Clinton/Lewinsky" scandal has drastically changed online media. He writes: "A year ago, most newspapers and news magazines adhered to the hard rule that they would not stoop themselves by putting breaking news on their Web sites before it appeared in their print editions. But a rapidly-growing public demand for almost "instant" Web coverage of breaking national news stories has forced even the largest newspapers and magazines? like the Washington Post and Newsweek?to abandon the old rule." "Out with the old, in with the new." It is easy to think breaking stories online could dilute journalists' on-paper presence; now many have realized that online media puts all journalists on equal footing with radio and TV. So who drove this change, pushing away the status quo? Matt Drudge, author of "The Drudge Report". It is still the Internet's gold rush period and everyone is running around trying to make a profit. The irony is that the person who best embodies what's revolutionary about the Internet has made next to no money from it: Matt Drudge, 30, is the author of "The Drudge Report", a bulletin of entertainment gossip, political rumor and witty meta-news. His web page ( http://www.drudgereport.com) is austere; it consists of a headline, links to news sources and some black and white clip art. Apparently he is really quite well informed, he reads 18 newspapers a day and he admires politics enough to go after both sides of the story when the time comes. Drudge's contact list has been expanding far quicker than his bank account he now has a huge following, with a mailing list of over 85,000 people. This web journalist has such an impact on the Internet that last week he managed to cause consternation in the White House and this was not the first time. He flagged a story Newsweek had been sitting on for six months: that President Clinton may have propositioned a White House worker named Kathleen Willey on federal property. I found an article on the Internet that seemed to sum up exactly what people's opinion on Drudge is, very mixed: "The best thing about the Internet is Matt Drudge. He knows how to use the online medium. He prizes speed, being first, and he connects strongly with an audience that wants personality and gossip. The worst thing about

Solar Updraft Tower free essay sample

The future of this earth and mankind substantially depends on our ability to slow down the population increase in the Third World by civilized means. The key is to increase the standard of living, to overcome the inhumane poverty and deprivation. To achieve this traditional means will not suffice any longer as exemplified by a paradoxon: Those countries where agriculture provides more than 20 % of the gross national product are those also stricken by starvation! Development requires mechanization and energy. Energy consumption increases proportionally to the gross national product or prosperity while simultaneously the population growth will decrease exponentially. Many developing countries possess hardly any energy sources and their population doubles every 15 to 30 years! The results are commonly known: Civil wars and fundamentalism. If these developing countries are provided with only a humane and viable minimum of energy the global energy consumption will drastically increase! Who could supply such an enormous amount of energy without an ecological breakdown (because poor countries cannot afford environmental protection) and without safety hazards (because they are not acquainted with the safety requirements for nuclear power plants) and without a rapid depletion of natural resources at the expense of future generations? The sun! Many of these countries are lavishly provided with solar radiation in their desert areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Updraft Tower or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is common knowledge, stated already in Agenda 21 of the Rio-UN-conference, everybody is talking about it, and nobody does anything. Why? Because apparently it must be a well-kept secret that large-scale solar energy utilization is possible today and that it is affordable and competitive! SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLE INVOLVED The use of three old technologies Man learned to make active use of solar energy at a very early stage: greenhouses helped to grow food, chimney suction ventilated and cooled buildings and windmills ground corn and pumped water. The solar chimneys three essential elements glass roof collector, chimney, and wind turbines have thus been familiar from time immemorial A solar-thermal chimney simply combines them in a new way . Air is heated by solar radiation under a low circular glass roof open at the periphery; this and the natural grounds below it form a hot air collector. Continuous 24 hours-operations is guaranteed by placing tight water-filled tubes under the roof. The water heats up during the daytime and emits its heat at night. These tubes are filled only once, no further water is needed. In the middle of the roof is a vertical chimney with large air inlets at its base. The joint between the roof and the chimney base is airtight. As hot air is lighter then cold air it rises up the chimney. Suction from the chimney then draws in more hot air from the collector, and cold air comes in from the outer perimeter. Thus solar radiation causes a constant updraught in the chimney. The energy this contains is converted into mechanical energy by pressure-staged wind turbines at the base of the chimney, and into electrical energy by conventional generators. A single solar chimney with a suitably large glazed roof area and a high chimney can be designed to generate 100 to 200 MW continuously 24 h a day. Thus even a small number of solar chimneys can replace a large nuclear power station. Solar chimneys operate simply and have a number of other advantages: -The collector can use all solar radiation, both direct and diffused. This is crucial for tropical countries where the sky is frequently overcast. The other major large scale solar-thermal power plants, parabolic through and central receiver systems, which apply concentrators and therefore can use only direct radiation, are at a disadvantage there. Due to the heat storage system the solar chimney will operate 24h on pure solar energy. The water tubes laying under the glass roof absorb part of the radiated energy during the day and release it into the collector at night. Thus solar chimneys produce electricity at night as well. Solar chimneys are particularly reliable and not liable to break down, in comparison with other solar generating plants. Turbines, transmission and generator subject to a steady flow of air are the plants only moving parts. This simple and robust structure guarantees operation that needs little maintenance and of course no combustible fuel. Unlike conventional power stations (and also other solar-thermal power station types), solar chimneys do not need cooling water. This is a key advantage in the many sunny countries that already have major problems with drinking water. The building materials needed for solar chimneys, mainly concrete and glass, are available everywhere in sufficient quantities. In fact, with the energy taken from the solar chimney itself and the stone and sand available in the desert, they can be reproduced on site. Solar chimneys can be built now, even in less industrially developed countries. The industry already available in most countries is entirely adequate for their requirements. No investment in high-tech manufacturing plant is needed. Even in poor countries it is possible to build a large plant without high foreign currency expenditure by using their own resources and work-force; this creates large numbers of jobs and dramatically reduces the capital investment requirement and the cost of generating electricity. Solar chimneys need large collector areas. As economically viable operation of solar electricity production plants is confined to regions with high solar radiation, this is not a fundamental disadvantage, as such regions usually have enormous deserts and unutilized areas. And so land use is not a particularly significant factor, although of course deserts are also complex biotopes that have to be protected. The technology 3. 1. The collector Hot air for the solar chimney is produced by the greenhouse effect in a simple air collector consisting only of a glass or plastic film covering stretched horizontally two to six meters above the ground. The height of the covering increases adjacent to the chimney base, so that the air is diverted to vertical movement with minimum friction loss. This covering admits the short-wave solar radiation component and retains long-wave radiation from the heated ground. Thus the ground under the roof heats up and transfers its heat to the air flowing radially above it from the outside to the chimney. 3. 2. The energy storage Water filled black tubes are laid down side by side on the soil under the glass roof collector. They are filled with water once and remain closed thereafter, so that no evaporation can take place. The volume of water in the tubes is selected to correspond to a water layer with a depth of 5 to 20 cm depending on the desired power output characteristics. 3. 3. The chimney The chimney itself is the plants actual thermal engine. It is a pressure tube with low friction loss (like a hydroelectric pressure tube or penstock) because of its optimal surface- volume ratio. The upthrust of the air heated in the collector is approximately proportional to the air temperature rise DTcoll in the collector and the volume, (i. e. he height Hc multiplied by the diameter Dc) of the chimney. In a large solar chimney the collector raises the temperature of the air by about 35 K. This produces an updraught velocity in the chimney of about 15m/s. It is thus possible to enter into an operating solar chimney plant for maintenance without difficulty. Chimneys 1,000 m high can be built without difficulty. The television tower in Toronto, Canada is almost 600 m high and serious plans are being made for 2, 000 metre skyscrapers in earthquake-ridden Japan. But all that is needed for a solar chimney is a simple, large diameter hollow cylinder, not particularly slender, and subject to very few demands in comparison with inhabited buildings. There are many different ways of building this kind of chimney. They are best built freestanding, in reinforced concrete. But guyed tubes, their skin made of corrugated metal sheet, as well as cable-net designs with cladding or membranes are also possible. All the structural approaches are well known and have been used in cooling towers. No special development is needed. 3. 4. The turbines Using turbines, mechanical output in the form of rotational energy can be derived from the air current in the chimney. Turbines in a solar chimney do not work with staged velocity like a free-running wind energy converter, but as a cased pressure-staged wind turbogenerator, in which, similarly to a hydroelectric power station, static pressure is converted to rotational energy using a cased turbine in this application installed in a pipe. The power output of a cased pressure-staged turbine of this kind is about eight times greater than that of a speed-stepped open-air turbine of the same diameter. Air speed before and after the turbine is about the same . The output achieved is proportional to the product of volume flow and the fall in pressure at the turbine. With a view to maximum energy yield the aim of the turbine regulation system is to maximize this product under all operating conditions. Blade pitch is adjusted during operation to regulate power output according to the altering airspeed and airflow. If the flat sides of the blades are perpendicular to the airflow, the turbine does not turn. If the blades are parallel to the air flow and allow the air to flow through undisturbed there is no drop in pressure at the turbine and no electricity is generated. Between these two extremes there is an optimum blade setting: the output is maximized if the pressure drop at the turbine is about two thirds of the total pressure differential available. 3. 5. A hydroelectric power station for the desert Solar chimneys are technically very similar to hydroelectric power stations so far the only really successful large scale renewable energy source: the collector roof is the equivalent of the reservoir, and the chimney of the penstock. Both power generation systems work with pressure-staged turbines, and both achieve low power production costs because of their extremely long life-span and low running costs. The collector roof and reservoir areas required are also comparable in size for the same electrical output. But the collector roof can be built in arid deserts and removed without any difficulty, whereas useful (often even populated) land is submerged under reservoirs. Solar chimneys work on dry air and can be operated without the corrosion and cavitation typically caused by water. They will soon be just as successful as hydroelectric power stations. Electricity yielded by a solar chimney is in proportion to the intensity of global solar radiation, collector area and chimney height. Optimum dimensions can be calculated only by including specific component costs (collector, chimney, turbines) for individual sites. And so plants of different sizes are built from site to site but always at optimum cost: if glass is cheap and concrete expensive then the collector will be large with a high proportion of double glazing and a relatively low chimney, and if glass is expensive there will be a smaller, largely single-glazed collector and a tall chimney. THE PROTOTYPE IN MANZANARES Detailed theoretical preliminary research and a wide range of wind tunnel experiments led to the establishment of an experimental plant with a peak output of 50 kW on a site made available by the Spanish utility Union Electrica Fenosa in Manzanares (about 150km south of Madrid) in 1981/82, with funds provided by the German Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT). The aim of this research project was to verify, through field measurements, the performance projected from calculations based on theory, and to examine the influence of individual components on the plants output and efficiency under realistic engineering and meteorological conditions. To this end a chimney 195 m high and 10 m in diameter was built, surrounded by a collector 240 m in diameter. The plant was equipped with extensive measurement data acquisition facilities. The performance of the plant was registered second by second by 180 sensors. Since the type of collector roof primarily determines a solar chimneys performance costs, different building methods and materials for the collector roof were also to be tested in Manzanares. A realistic collector roof for large-scale plants has to be built 2 to 6 metres above ground level. For this reason the lowest realistic height for a collector roof for large-scale technical use, 2 metres, was selected for the small Manzanares plant. (For output, a roof height of 50 cm only would in fact have been ideal. Thus only 50 kW could be achieved in Manzanares, but this realistic roof height also permitted convenient access to the turbine at the base of the chimney. This also meant that experimental planting could be carried out under the roof to investigate additional use of the collector as a greenhouse. The experimental plant in Manzanares operated for about 15,000 hours from 1982 onwards. The following tests were run in the course of the project: In 1986 the structural improvement wo rk that made occasional operational interruptions necessary was completed. After that, from mid 1986 to early 1989 it was possible to run the plant on a regular daily basis, except for a period of four months which was set aside for special measurements and specific modifications. During this 32 month period, the plant ran, fully automatically, an average of 8. 9 hours per day for a total of 8611 operating hours. One person at the most was needed for supervision. Thus there is no doubt that solar chimneys can be built, run in the long term and reliably maintained even in countries that are technologically less developed. During the 32 month period, plant reliability was over 95 %. Sporadic storm damage to the old plastic film area of the collector was repaired without switching off the plant. The 5 per cent non-operational period was due to automatic plant switch-off at the weekend when the Spanish grid occasionally failed. DESIGNING LARGE SOLAR CHIMNEYS Measurements taken from the experimental plant in Manzanares and solar chimney thermodynamic behaviour simulation programs were used to design large plants with outputs of 200 MW and more. Detailed investigations, supported by extensive wind tunnel experiments, showed that thermodynamic calculations for collector, tower and turbine were very reliable for large plants as well. Despite considerable area and volume differences between the Manzanares pilot plant and a projected 100 MW facility, the key thermodynamic factors are of similar size in both cases. Using the temperature rise and wind speed in the collector as examples, the measured temperature rise at Manzanares was up to 17 K and the wind speed up to 12 etres per second, while the corresponding calculated figures for a 100 MW facility are 35 K and 16 metres per second. FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY This section discusses only the simplest, classical design of a solar updraft tower power plant, and variations are not considered. A solar updraft power station would require a large initial capital outlay, but would have relatively low operating cost. However, the capital outlay required is roughly the same as next-generati on nuclear plants such as the AP-1000 at roughly $5 per W of capacity. Like other renewable power sources there would be no cost for fuel. The cost per energy is largely determined by interest rates and years of operation, varying from 5 eurocent per kWh for 4% and 20 years to 15 eurocent per kWh for 12% and 40 years. A disadvantage of a solar updraft tower is the much lower conversion efficiency than concentrating solar power stations have, thus requiring a larger collector area and leading to higher cost of construction and maintenance. Financial comparisons between solar updraft towers and concentrating solar technologies contrast a larger, simpler structure against a smaller, more complex structure. The better of the two methods is the subject of much speculation and debate. A solar tower is expected to have less of a requirement for standby capacity from traditional energy sources than wind power does. Various types of thermal storage mechanisms (such as heat-absorbing surface material or salt water ponds) could be incorporated to smooth out power yields over the day/night cycle. Most renewable power systems (wind, solar-electrical) are variable, and a typical national electrical grid requires a combination of base, variable and on-demand power sources for stability. However, since distributed generation by intermittent power sources provides smoothing of the rate of change, this issue of variability can also be addressed by a large interconnected electrical super grid, incorporating wind farms, hydroelectric, and solar power stations. There is still a great amount of uncertainty and debate on what the cost of production for electricity would be for a solar updraft tower and whether a tower (large or small) can be made profitable. Schlaich et al. stimate a cost of electricity between 7 (for a 200 MW plant) and 21 (for a 5 MW plant) euro cents per kWh, but other estimates indicate that the electricity cannot possibly be cheaper than 25-35 cents per kWh. Compare this to LECs of approximately 3 Euro cents per KWh for a 100 MW wind or natural gas plant. No reliable electricity cost figures will exist until such time as actual data are available on a utility scale power plant, since cost predictions for a time scale of 25 years or more are unreliable. Energy Production Costs With the support of construction companies, the glass industry and turbine manufacturers a rather exact cost estimate for a 200 MW solar chimney could be compiled. We asked a big utility Energie Baden-Wurttemberg (formerly EVS/BW) to determine the energy production costs compared to coal- and combined cycle power plants based on equal and common methods. Table 1: Comparison between the energy production costs of a solar chimney (2 solar chimneys with 200 MW each) and 400 MW coal and combined cycle power plants according to the present business managerial calculations. Purely under commercial aspects with a gross interest rate of about 11 % and a construction period of 4 years during which the investment costs increase already by 30 %(! ) Electricity from solar chimneys is merely 20 % more expensive than that from coal. In case of the solar chimney the interest on the fix investment governs the price of electricity, whereas in the case of fossil fuel power plants the variable fuel costs are the deciding factor. By just reducing the interest rate to 8 % electricity from solar chimneys would become competitive today. In low-wage-countries the costs will decrease further especially those of the glass roof collector which alone amounts to 50 % of the overall costs. On the other hand there are a number of advantages: 1)No ecological harm and no consumption of resources, not even for the construction. Solar chimneys predominantly consist of concrete and glass which are made from sand and stone plus self-generated energy. Consequently in desert areas with inexhaustible sand and stone solar chimneys can reproduce themselves. A truly sustainable source of energy! )The (high) investment costs are almost exclusively due to labour costs. This creates jobs, and a high net product for the country with increased tax income and reduced social costs (= human dignity, social harmony), and in addition no costly imports of coal, oil, gas which is especially beneficial for the developing countries releasing means for their development. We have no choice but to do something for the energy consent, the environment and above all for the billions of underprivileged people in the Third World. But we should not offer them hand-outs, a multiple of which we deceitfully regain by imposing a high interest rate on their debt. Instead we should opt for global job sharing. If we buy solar energy form Third World countries, they can afford our products. A global energy market with large scale solar energy generation supplementing substantially hydropower, fossil and nuclear fuels is not an utopian dream! Therefore, now it is absolutely essential to build and operate a large solar chimney.

Maths Coursework

Maths Coursework Maths Coursework Maths coursework writing is hated by all students. Of course, it is a hasty generalization to say that absolutely all students hate Maths coursework writing because there are some maths geniuses who love calculations. I am not one of them. However, throughout years of my education I had to write several Math coursework. Was it easy? No, it was not. It was not enough to write something down (I was good at writing) because writing had to be based on specific maths calculations (I was bad at calculations). Thus, I had a dilemma what to do. I will not share the secret of my solution at this point. The following three paragraphs are the short sample maths coursework written about the theory of gravitation. As you noticed, there are no calculations involved. A rare case for a math coursework! By the way, site has a free blog with thousands of free essays and papers on any topic! Maths Coursework Sample The introduction of the law of gravitation resolved all these difficulties and incorporated the theory of heavenly motions into the very same physical theory which treated terrestrial motions. As a result, the heliocentric theory acquired incontestable strength. It was now proved beyond any doubt that the other planets were not different from the planet earth and that the substance of the other planets could be identified with the rock and clay beneath man's feet, for this is the very essence of the law of gravitation. Earthly and heavenly motions were bound together in one theory, and one could no longer doubt the heliocentric view without doubting the entire structure. Hence the importance which Copernicus and Kepler ascribed to the mathematical element in the theory was vindicated. However, the most surprising development of the theory of gravitation and one which established a new and unanticipated role for mathematics took place after Newton had deduced a number of conclusions about our solar system. Galileo and Newton had set about finding quantitative laws that related matter, space, time, forces, and other physical properties, but had wisely decided not to look into causal relationships; that is, they had deliberately avoided such questions as why bodies fall to earth or why planets move around the sun. In other words, they had concentrated on description. Nevertheless, they did utilize the force of gravitation, a concept which had been vaguely suggested even before Galileo's timefor example, by Copernicus and Kepler. Since the force of gravitation now assumed central importance, it was natural to ask, What is the mechanism that enables the earth to attract objects and the sun to attract planets? The heightened emphasis on this universal force could not bu t push such questions to the fore. The properties ascribed to the force of gravitation were indeed remarkable. It acted over distances of inches and millions of miles. It acted instantaneously and through empty space. Nor could the action of the force be suspended or blocked. Even when the moon was between the earth and the sun, the sun continued to attract the earth. Kepler had considered this question of how the sun could exert its attractive force over so many millions of miles. Impressed by the phenomenon of magnetism which William Gilbert had made popular through a series of famous experiments, he tried to explain gravitational attraction as the action of a magnetic force. He thought that planets were huge magnets attracted by a magnetic force in the sun. But he failed to supply a quantitative expression for this force and to show that it accounted exactly for the paths of the planets If you need experienced coursework writing help just follow this link: Custom Writing Service Now it is time to share the secret of successful Maths coursework writing - ask for individual help! If you are good at writing - ask for help with calculations! If you are good at calculations - ask for help with writing!Maths coursework completion has never been easier! Our team of writers is working 24/7 to help you with your painful assignments. We are not afraid of urgent deadlines as well! Read also: Essay Company Editorial Essay High Persuasive School Edit Essay Good Make Paper Write My Essay for Me Need a Professional Essay

Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Finance - Assignment Example A firm with more contractual obligations i.e debt but insufficient cash or marketable securities to repay the debt definitely faces liquidity problems. The circumstances turn grimmer with more and more liquidity crisis in the organization when the firm becomes completely unable to repay its obligations, thus the firm in such situations become insolvent or faces solvency problems. Thus with more amount of liquidity crisis with not much fresh cash or marketable securities in the system, the firm tends to borrow more from the banks and financial institutions thereby increasing its obligations of repayment more. But with high debt to equity ratio sometimes it becomes difficult for organizations to obtain debt from the financial institutions. This definitely hampers the operational activities of the organization. In such a situation with deep crisis of liquid cash to carry out business and with difficulty in getting loans from the banks, the sustainability of the firm in the long run gets hampered. In certain cases the firm becomes insolvent and may go out of business. (Burnside, 2005, pp.87-90; Course material, pp.112-118) Different approaches to Financial Asset Valuation: One of the major approaches designed in the financial valuation process includes valuation of Equity. The major forms of equity valuation include- 1) Dividend discount modeling- Under this method of valuation, the valuation of the firm is determined by the dividends paid out by the firm. Using the  projected growth rate in dividends in the next 5 years with an estimated growth rate and then using a constant growth rate for the rest of the years, discounted by the required rate of return by the shareholders’  the valuation of the firm is determined. 2) 2) The free cash flow modeling approach- The valuation method is performed using the free cash flow. The free cash flow is the cash flow available to the firm after meeting the necessary capital expenditures and necessary short-term worki ng capital requirements. In this method also, the valuation is performed using the projected free cash flow in the next 5 years using a projected growth rate and then a constant rate for the rest of years after the 5-year period, discounted by the required return for the shareholders. 3) 3) Price earning model- This equity valuation method is a market based method which calls for the market price an investor wants to pay for 1 rupee earning by the company. Higher Price-Earnings ratio designates that the company is overvalued in terms of its market compared to its earnings. Besides equity valuation, we have valuation for fixed income securities like bonds. Bonds, which have fixed coupon rate attached to them, pay fixed interest every year. The fair value of the bond is calculated by the annuity approach which is calculated by the summation of the net present value of the fixed coupon interest over the maturity of the bond with a discount rate as required by the bond holders. (Pinto, Henry, Robinson & Stowe, 2010, p.1) 1B)   On the Capital and Liability side of the Balance sheet of different organizations, the different types of capital and liabilities have different features. These are categorized under the major head ‘Financial capital’. The different classifications include the following: 1) Senior debt, 2) Mezzanine debt, 3) Subordinate debt, 4) Preferred Stock and 5) Common Stock. In case a company goes bankrupt, the company has to first pay back its obligations to the debt holders and finally to

ANALYZE A whitman's poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ANALYZE A whitman's poetry - Essay Example In his figurative pieces were explored themes pertaining to the love of country, manhood, death, the enduring virtues of hope and courage, ideal state of heroism, conquest, and man’s state of nature. As Whitman’s poems bring across the essence of each theme, a critical reader may readily unfold the capacity of engaging in the poet’s realm of personal insights and profound understanding of the war that occurred not at all indifferent to him. To such a reader, Whitman would appear to be communicating a rich narrative in which he is a significant part of, for the imagery in his poems possesses the quality of concrete details and appropriate word choice that likely adheres to one’s recollection. This is quite evident in the piece â€Å"A Sight in Camp in the Daybreak Gray and Dim† that is substantiated by the lines â€Å"Three forms I see on stretchers lying, brought out there untended lying, / Over each the blanket spread, ample brownish woolen blanke t / Gray and heavy blanket, folding, covering all† ( __ 16). ... I saw with hand uplifted, menacing, brandishing, †¦ The noble son on sinewy feet advancing, / I saw, out of the land of prairies, land of Ohio’s waters and of Indiana† (10). While the ‘noble son’ seemingly refers to a man with heroic traits, the same goes for someone who, by all means, did not quit the battlefield no matter how ‘evil days’ or extreme situations befell him. ‘Sinewy’ calls for equivalent descriptions ‘vigorous’ or ‘muscular’ – something made of fiber with persevering strength and such is the poet’s thought of the armed men who crossed borders, state after state, to advance their cause and combat to triumph for it. Apparently, this suggests a type of courage that is subject to the extent of man’s will which, to Whitman’s perception, seemed to have remained steadfast. On addressing the theme of nationalism, similarly, Whitman’s creation of elegy â€Å"O Captain! My Captain!† could prove to be the closest, if not the most, thematically relevant piece about a man’s love for his nation. Written in honor of Abraham Lincoln, after the president’s death in 1865, Whitman treats Lincoln the ‘captain’ in command of ship at an exclamatory tone of pride. It is as though the ship is used as a metaphor to the divided country whereas the ‘fearful trip’ embodies the Civil War and all the revolutionary efforts which the U.S. back then had to go through. Lincoln is known as the leader who championed the passing of the 13th Amendment which primarily aimed to abolish black slavery, being the root cause of secession by the South or to which separatism which identified the Union from Confederacy owed its painful existence. Though the poet conveyed no specific historical account of the war and the president’s accomplishments, the

Universal Grammar in Second Language Acquisition Research Paper

Universal Grammar in Second Language Acquisition - Research Paper Example This paper is a reflective essay on Universal grammar in Second Language Acquisition. Universal Grammar is a concept appropriate to the linguistic competence issue, for instance, a notion concerning the grammatical representation nature. Although Universal Grammar affords constraints on potential grammars in the acquisition process, it is not an acquisition theory. This fact is often misconstrued, possibly owing to expressions like LAD (Language Acquisition Device) that numerous persons earlier equated with Universal Grammar. Nevertheless, it might be more correct to consider Universal Grammar as merely part of Language Acquisition Device or faculty of language. The Language Acquisition Device will as well have to encompass learning ideologies, triggering algorithms, and processing doctrines. In other terms, on top of a constraints theory on Inter-Language representation, a concept on means of acquiring that representation is needed; a developmental theory (whether it is in first Language or second Language acquisition) (Epstein, Flynn & Martohardjono, 1996). Although Universal Grammar adds to enlightenment on languages’ acquisition, this is in the manner of how learners happen to know properties, which go far past the input; how learners know that particular things are impossible, why parsing are of single sort instead of another. Universal Grammar claims that these properties about language do not require to be learned. What motivates for Universal Language? It is the assertion that, however, in the instance of L1 (first languages), there exists a rational language acquisition problem, an incongruity amid what enters (specifically, the primary dialectal data) as well as what gets out (a parsing). In other terms, the input establishes the output (Epstein, Flynn & Martohardjono, 1996). Supposing a rational problem of first languages acquisition, persons have inquired whether the case is the same for second languages. This inquiry remains dominant - do second language learners get insentient information (a psychological representation), which goes further than the second language input? If they do, can alternative causes of this information be eliminated, for instance, the first language? The solidest example for the function of Universal Grammar in Second Language Acquisition is that the second language elements cannot be acquired from input only or from input and non-domain-specific learning doctrines or from the first grammar only (Schwartz & Sprouse, 1996). Supposing that there exists indeed a rational problem of second language acquisition, investigators have enquired more Universal Grammar-specific enquiries. In the ‘80s, the Universal Grammar question seemed comparatively straight forward (as well as relatively universal): Is Universal Grammar available (or reachable) to second language learners? Do inter-language grammars show proof of being restrained by Universal Grammar principles? Several principles were explored, such as the ECP, Binding Principle A and Subjacency. The hypothesis was that if one can establish that certain Universal Grammar principle works or does not work, then this simplifies to other philosophies, hence to Universal Grammar

History About Ebay In Japan Marketing Essay

History About Ebay In Japan Marketing Essay eBay is an online auction service that has gained much publicity since their inauguration in the September of 1995 by a 28 year old software developer, Pierre Omidyar of Apple Incorporated. A pet project he initially called AuctionWeb, he posted up a faulty laser pointer to test his algorithm in the web application he created, someone actually offered him $14.83 for the faulty laser pointer stating that he collects such items. That incident started Pierre thinking and eBay was formed. Since then, eBay has been expanding their business worldwide. One of the countries which eBay has failed badly was Japan. They had a joint venture with NEC Corporation to form eBay Japan but the final results after 3 long years of fight that has been proven as futile attempts to make a foot hold in Japan, eBay Japan had no other choice but to withdraw because they lost out for not being there earlier, not enjoying a first mover advantage, the rise of the Rakuten Auctions as contender against Yahoo! Japan Auctions further dug eBay deeper into the oblivion against ever seeing themselves as a leader in Japan. Hiring the right country manager makes all the difference, eBay did not ensure the credentials and expertise of their country manager appointed for the task. Apart from that, the typical American style of Announcing their grand arrival even before they could sniff the air in Japan, gave competitors a chance to prepare themselves against anyone trying to steal their piece of the pie in Japan. Introduction of eBay When we hear of the word, Auction we often think of the famous Christie Auction house in England, located at King Street in St. James. The function of an auction house is to showcase rare or prized items that could fetch the highest price through an elaborate process that allows individuals with deep pockets to out-bid one another to purchase these items. Thanks to modern technology, these auctions are being brought on-line via the use of the Internet. Users can buy or sell items online through the same elaborate process, but at the comfort of their room, in front of their computers without the need to physically be at the location. eBay is one such on-line auction service that has gained much publicity since their inauguration in the September of 1995 by a 28 year old software developer, Pierre Omidyar of Apple Incorporated. A pet project he initially called AuctionWeb, he posted up a faulty laser pointer to test his algorithm in the web application he created, someone actually offered him $14.83 for the faulty laser pointer stating that he collects such items. That incident started Pierre thinking and eBay was formed. AuctionWeb became a new focus for Pierre. It occupied his entire domain, www.ebay.com, acronym for Echo Bay (the name of his consulting firm). By 1996, the company was large enough to require professional help to make the concept, even more profitable. Jeffrey Skoll, Stanford MBA graduate, went onboard the profit spinning ship. Meg Whitman, a Harvard graduate soon joined the `crew and together with a formidable business team, created the modern day eBay that we know today. By 1998, the pioneers of the company were billionaires. Entry Strategies Entry Strategy 1 eBay Join Hands with NEC Corporation to enter Japan Market The joint venture with NEC Corporation to form eBay Japan seemed like a great idea. Infact, it is a great idea. Having a localized corporation to enter the Japanese market builds the credibility any foreign company will need. Having a myriad of possibilities from because they could trade with anything. eBay gained exposure through NECs contact with Biglobe, an Internet Service Provider. Much hype was anticipated as the CEO for eBay, Mr. Okawara, looked forward to bringing online auctioning to the Japanese people. However, the Japanese culture amongst the younger generation is to meet at malls, to try out new introductions into the Japanese market. Touch and Feel is what they prefer. Also, its a social norm in Japan that people meet at malls to socialize or just to look at people. What eBay tried to do, was to introduce another cultures norm into Japan. Though a workable and definitely profitable business model in the states and probably even in the western world, they failed to garner enough market sampling to warrant an entry into the Japanese market. Thats just part of the challenge they face. The other factor that had brought forth the early retreat from Japan is the presence of Yahoo Auctions in Japan. Yahoo entered the market in 1996, together with Softbank. The collaboration between Yahoo and Softbank was at the right time where the fad of the internet is still hot. They built the largest portal in Japan which in turn means their presence already had a huge market share from consumers and sellers alike who has loyalty to the company. Japanese people have high level of loyalty to product brandings and service providers. Another thing eBay Japan did not forsee is that, Japanese people, do not appreciate hand-me-downs, second hand goods. Entry Strategy 2 eBay Joins Hands with Yahoo! in Japan eBay has about 83 million users and Yahoo Japan has about 6.6 million registered users. eBay and Yahoo agreed to link their auction sites to facilitate cross-border trading and invigorate the online auction market. This would enable users of Yahoo Auctions Japan to bid for items listed on eBays US site using their Yahoo Japan ID, and eBay users in the US to buy items auctioned on Yahoo Japan using their eBay ID. The plan, which will enable registered users from Japan and North America to participate in a single marketplace. Japanese-language Website sekaimon.com, unveiled by the companies will enable Yahoo Japan users to take part in eBay auctions and is part of a strategy to implement the integration. A reverse setup, enabling North American users to shop for items from Japan under an English-language bidding system. The eBay portal will initially feature Japanese licensed-character goods, comic books, and other collectibles listed on the Yahoo Japan auction site. The integrated marketplace will also offer services to streamline payment, shipping and customs clearance. International users were able to use the US based web site consumers craved trading in local currencies and the ease that domestic transactions presented. Disadvantages of Non-first movers for Auction Disadvantage 1 Unable to garner the interested customers The first disadvantage of not being the first mover to launch the online auction services has caused eBay Japan to lose the opportunity to garner the interested customer base who are first timers that really wanted to attempt the Online Auction services. Being the first mover would have allowed the first timer customers whom are interested to sign up and attempt this online auction services that has never been provided in Japan as many analyst believes that the launch would not have been successful due to the image consciousness character of the Japanese. Therefore, being only the second launching provided, eBay Japan has lost the genuine interested first timer customers as they have already signed up for the online auction services provided by Yahoo! Japan Auction when they launched the service in September 1999, which was five months before eBay Japan. Disadvantage 2 Unable to attract over Yahoo! Japan Auction loyal customer base The second disadvantage is eBay Japan is unable to attract over the loyal customer base garnered by Yahoo! Japan Auction five months before their launch. All the loyal customer base has already been used to the services provided by Yahoo! Japan Auction has got no intention to move over to eBay Japan. In addition, Yahoo! has been an established and best known brand in Japan for other services such as Yahoo! Email, search, etc however, in contrary, eBay has only been known for online auction services and limited to overseas which is outside Japan. Therefore, Japanese, who generally only trust reputable, well-known and established brands, are more comfortable using Yahoo! instead of eBay. Disadvantage 3 Comparison of first and second online auction service launcher The third disadvantage of not being the first mover is being compared to the first launcher. The customers has done a comparison between Yahoo! Japan Action and eBay Japan on the difference in the different areas such as charging listing fees, final value fees, branding strength. Yahoo! Japan Auction has launched the online auction services before eBay Japan with all services free and no any transaction charges at all. Therefore, in comparison, Japanese who are not willing to pay for the service are not willing to sign up for services for eBay Japan. Also, it has also proven that when eBay Japan has stopped the charging the fees as per the usual practice, the customer base and the number of listings has increased. Cultural Misunderstandings Cross cultural understanding simply refers to the basic ability of people within business to recognize, interpret and correctly react to people, incidences or situations that are open to misunderstanding due to cultural differences. If no cultural awareness, cultural sensitive was established before launching into a different culture, itll cause cultural misunderstanding, in long term, resulting in business failure. Misunderstanding 1 Not fully understanding the mindset of a different culture For eBay Japan, during the initial launch into Japan, they had not understood in depth the business dealing ways of Japanese. eBay instead of modifying the American-centric service model to fit the Japanese market needs, they chose to force the Japanese consumers to fit into the current American-centric company service model. eBay charged commissions of up to 5% and required acutely risk-averse Japanese users to submit credit card information on signup. This service model did not go well with the Japanese. Most of the internet savvy people come from the young Japanese who did not own any credit card. Even so, Japan was a largely cash-based society, they preferred to pay for purchases with cash or through banks transfers instead of online credit card payments. This has therefore resulted in the poor sign-up figures after the launch of eBay Japan. Misunderstanding 2 Failing to hire the right person eBay Japan also erred in selecting for country head. In the selection of country manager, the issue of language is overplayed. They can actually hire a bilingual executive assistant, translator, or interpreter for a fraction of what it costs to hire a country manager. Making language skills a key recruiting criterion severely reduces the pool of potential candidates. Rather than focus on language skills, eBay Japan has failed to care about the truly important things, like a country managers strategic thinking ability, his track record managing comparable businesses, industry knowledge, and, ultimately, whether or not he can successfully build and motivate a local team, introduce new products, and gain market share in a highly competitive market. In Japan organization structure, the HR organization in a leading Japanese company is at the top of the hierarchy. In the US, its at the bottom. It has to be empowered, it must have very top people, it must engage with peopleits not about recruiting-eBay Japan had failed to utilize the talents of Japan based foreigners who had many years of valuable experience managing in Japan, as well as relevant industry knowledge and connections, who can help successfully navigate Japan market entry, smoothen interactions between head office and Japan-based operations. Misunderstanding 3 Unprepared for new Culture eBay Japan did something that American companies are notorious for, something that had cost them dearlynamely, they made grandiose announcements about their entry into the Japanese market, well before they had a localized product ready to launch in Japan. While missing the first mover advantage was perhaps eBays Japan single biggest blunder, the lack of traction in Japan for eBay products had too caused the failure of entry. Therefore, with the culture shock, eBay has failed to penetrate the Japan market as eBay Japan was not accepted widely by the Japanese in terms of their entry to Japan and their working style when operating the online auction services. The Current Status of eBay To recap, eBay Inc. tried to open its popular auction service under its subsidiary eBay Japan established in 1999, withdraw in March 2002 after failing to capture significant market share against Yahoo! Auction. Ebay partnered Yahoo! Japan, the Japan biggest portal offering online auction services. Together both companies designed a separate stand alone site, Sekaimon. English meaning for the Japanese term Global Shopping. Sekaimon site is able to translate items listed on eBay into Japanese, help with payments, shipping and customs clearance for Japanese shoppers. The alliance benefits users of both sites. Sellers will be able to reach out to a wider audience for their goods, meanwhile buyers will able to choose from a richer selection of products that are on offer. The impact of the deal will mean more in certain areas. For example, U.S. music fans will be able to easily purchase many of the limited edition CDs that Western artists release in Japan, while Japanese movie enthusiasts will be able to find a wider array of DVDs that are not available locally. Ebay users to have an easier time buying Japanese goods that are popular abroad, such as popular manga comics books, CDs and merchandise that feature Japanese animation characters and mascots. Yahoo! Japan users can login using their Yahoo! Japan ID and purchase translated eBay items with customize Japanese menu and online agent support. Hence, in order to achieve their vision, eBay must overcome various issues such as language barriers, government regulations, internet access and cultural differences. Ebay attempt to deal with the challenge of conducting transactions in multiple languages, where the sellers interact in one language and potential buyers in another.   Sellers using eBays Japanese site, Sekaimon, who want to offer their items on any English language eBay sites will be able to enter descriptions of up to 200 Japanese characters and get them translated within a day for about $12.34. By enabling this translation service, it helps to boost and introduce more Japanese products into eBay sites. Thus, eBay has successfully turned a challenge to its global growth into a new revenue stream while increasing its value proposition. eBay has a significant challenge in dealing with cultural differences, such as high uncertainty avoidance culture in Japan. eBay is dealing with this by structuring strategic partnerships with reliable entity when it struck a deal with Yahoo! Japan, after numerous attempts yet failing to penetrate the market independently.  eBay adopts localization strategy, where it replicates smaller and culturally sensitive portions of its content in specific markets such as Japan and China. By doing so, it value adds towards ensuring easy usage and adaptability in new or low tech markets.   Conclusion eBay made all the wrong moves in their attempt to extend their services to Japan. Not hiring the right people who can competently study the market in Japan to know if it is a viable business preposition to even attempt the creation of eBay Japan. eBay did not understand the culture in Japan. Basic business ventures to a foreign country requires everyone to understand and work with the cultural styles. eBay tried to force their American centric service model upon the Japanese people, it will never work unless they were the first to setup the service in the country where people may just think that, thats the way eBay did not pay attention to the presence of Yahoo! Japan Auctions and went in blind. To make matters worst, they announced their plans and created quite a fanfare to path their way into Japan way before they could even set foot in the country. Its like telling the enemies at war, Were coming from the south island at dawn. Recommended alternatives Conducting a business in any country requires business planners to conduct extensive market research, sampling the market sentiments for products or services that are to be introduced into the country. The people after all, are the sources of income. How can a company sell a product or service to people of a different lifestyle, who have different needs and perception of how they want to be sold a service or product? After identifying what the people want, the company should look into competitors and their position in the market as well. Gauge their own size and see if they are able to go up against on a head-on battle or to find a niche market to carve out a position for themselves and slowly expand from there. Recommendation The most important point among the alternatives that is recommended to eBay during the new set-up is to identify what their target audience wants.It is imperative that the barrier for entries be understood prior embarking on any non-localized businesses. It is very important to understand the culture of the target audience, understand the needs and the wants of the target audience before entering into a brand new market that the organization has never had their presence before. It very important to understand the direction of the target audience before entrance, in which, refers to the current competitors in the market. The current market share of the competitors, the number of competitors in the market and how does the target audience view this competitor. Need be, make a joint venture with existing service provider that has already penetrated into the market in order to leverage on their expertise and also the expertise of local talents and foreign talents living in the country.

oldman and the sea :: essays research papers

The Old Man and The Sea Old Man and The Sea, a great book by Ernest Hemingway, is about a fisherman’s struggle to save his career. This book is very different than any other book that I have read. It is different because this book doesn’t have multiple events that happen in the story. Santiago, an old fisherman, goes out fishing and hooks a giant marlin. The book explains his struggle to kill the fish and bring it back home. The book symbolizes the struggle of the author to write a great book. Santiago is an old man that wasn’t having much luck fishing. One day he decides to go fishing and hooks a marlin. The man struggles to kill the marlin and in the process he is pulled very far out into the ocean. Santiago becomes attached to the marlin and calls it his "brother". Santiago gains strength by thinking about the things he loves and has interests in such as Manolin, a young fisherman, and the New York Yankees(baseball team). Santiago fights the marlin for three days and finally kills the fish. Santiago goes through many of obstacles to achieve his goal of catching a big fish but when he finally gets it, it’s taken away from him by sharks that eat the marlin. The young man, Manolin is the old man’s best friend. Santiago, taught him how to fish. Manolin use to fish with Santiago but then Santiago ran into a streak of bad luck. Manolin started fishing on another boat. Manolin is very attached to Santiago. They get along very well. Manolin understands why Santiago had to go on the 3-day trial fishing to test his luck and admires him for it. Manolin is the person that takes care of Santiago. The marlin is a very noble, big and beautiful fish. Whatever it symbolizes, to the reader it's something worth fighting for since Santiago risks his life battling sharks in his attempt to save the marlin. The marlin is Santiago’s last shot at luck. Santiago knew that this fishing trip would be the last spark of luck he would have for the rest of his life. Although he doesn’t get the whole marlin to shore, he did bring luck with him because he survived. The marlin is also a sign of the author’s quest to write one good book. Like the fisherman wants to catch a great fish before he dies, Hemingway wants to write a good story.

Commercialization of Agriculture Essay

Introduction The British rule had pronounced and profound economic impact on India. The various economic policies followed by the British led to the rapid transformation of India’s economy into a colonial economy whose nature and structure were determined by needs of the British economy. One important aspect of British economic policy was commercialization of agriculture. Commercialization of agriculture which can be defined as a process where peasants start producing primarily for sale in distant markets, rather than to meet their own need for food or to sell in local markets, (Roy, 2007) has taken place at different times in response to different stimuli. In the Indian context though a number of commercial crops such as cotton, tobacco and sugarcane were grown fairly extensively even before the advent of British rule (Habib, 1982), since land revenue had to be paid mostly in cash and the prices of these crops were much higher at that time relative to the prices of foodgrains, however, commercialization of agriculture at that time corresponded only to the requirements of traditional â€â€"revenue economy‘ in which the main form of revenue payable happened to be an indistinguishable mix of tax, tribute and rent (Raj, 1985). No doubt the need to pay revenue in cash was the initial compelling force for the marketing of agricultural produce, the large surpluses so extracted from agriculture, without a flow of goods and services in the reverse direction in exchange, was basically an impediment to further commercialization (Raj, 1985). Thus, commercialization of agriculture in pre-British period existed only in its embryonic form. In true sense, therefore, agriculture of India got a commercial orientation during the British rule. Industrialization in Europe and Commercialization of Agriculture in India The commercialization of Indian Agriculture took place not to feed the industries of India because India was far behind in industrial development as compared to Britain, France, Belgium and many other European countries of eighteenth century. The commercialization of Indian Agriculture was done primarily to feed the British industries that it was taken up and achieved only in cases-of those agricultural products which were either needed by the  British industries or could fetch cash commercial gain to the British in the European or American market. For example, several efforts were made to increase the production of cotton in India to provide raw and good quality cotton to the cotton-textile industries of Britain which were growing fast after the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Therefore, cotton growing area increase in India and its production increased manifold with gradual lapse of time. Indigo and more than that, tea and coffee plantation were encouraged in India because these could get commercial market abroad. It was beneficial to the British planters, traders and manufacturers, who were provided with opportunity to make huge profits by getting the commercialized agricultural products at, throw away prices. The commercialization of Indian agriculture also partly benefited Indian traders and money lenders who made huge fortunes by working as middlemen for the British. This regard they acted as conduits delivering the products from peasants to the British company from where it was taken abroad. Though markets and trade in agricultural goods existed in quite organized forms and on a large scale in the pre-British period but the market expansion in the British period marked a qualitative and quantitative break. According to Tirthankar Roy, there were three main qualitative changes. â€â€"First, before the British rule, product markets were constrained and subject to imperfections, given multiplicity of weights and measures, backward and risky transportation systems, and extensive use of barter. British rule and the railways weakened these constraints. By doing so, it enabled closer integration of global, regional and local markets. Second, from the time of industrial revolution, a new international specialization began to emerge as a result of trade. India specialized, in agricultural exports. Third, in turn, changes in the product market induced changes in land, labor, and credit markets‘ (Roy, 2007). The American Civil War also indirectly encouraged commercialization of agriculture in India: the British cotton demand was diverted to India. The demand of cotton was maintained even after the civil war ceased because of the rise of cotton textile industries in India. The commercialization of India agriculture was initiated in India by the British through their direct and indirect policies and activities. Firstly, the new land tenure system introduced in form of permanent settlement and Ryotwari Settlement had made agricultural land a freely exchangeable commodity. The Permanent settlement by giving ownership right to the zamindars created a class of wealthy landlords; they could make use of this ownership right by sale or purchase of land. Secondly, the agriculture which had been way of life rather than a business enterprise now began to be practiced for sale in national and international market. Thirdly, the political unity established by the British and the resulted in rise of the unified national market. Fourthly, the spread of money economy replaced the barter and agricultural goods became market items and the replacement of custom and tradition by competition and contract. Finally, the British policy of one way free trade also acted as sufficient encouraging factor for commercialization as the manufactured items in textile, jute etc. could find free entry in Indian markets, where as the manufactured goods did not have similar free access to European markets. Impact of Commercialization on Indian Agriculture It is interesting to note that though there is little controversy with regard to the role of British in initiating and promoting the forces which led to the commercialization of Indian agriculture, however, the nature of commercialization and its impact on the Indian peasantry had been very controversial issue, both during and after the British rule. To the nationalists, it was not out of the free will of the cultivators– commercialization of agriculture was forced and artificial (Dutt, 1906). This was so because the high pitch of revenue demand in cash compelled the cultivators to sell large portion of the produce of their fields keeping an insufficient stock for their own consumption. On the other hand the colonial bureaucracy argued that it was the market force rather than the pressure of land revenue that was drawing the farmers into the business of production for the market. The commercial crops were more profitable and this economic incentive led them to produce for sale and export, thus making it possible for them to increase per capita income. Furthermore, the imperialist historiography and the colonial bureaucracy viewed commercialization of  agriculture, the expansion of trade in agricultural products and the rising agricultural prices as an indication of the â€â€"growing prosperity of the peasantry.‘ (Satyanarayana, 2005). On the other hand anti-imperialist historiography (both nationalist and radical Marxist) emphasizing the negative impact of commercialization of agriculture and the integration implied that agricultural production in India was to be determined by imperial preferences and needs (Bhatia, 1967). Moreover, other historians following the neo-classical economic theory or with anti-imperialistic orientations (Marxists and non Marxists) have extended their support to either of the two. The commercialization of agriculture was a forced and artificial process for the majority of Indian peasants. It was introduced under coercion of the British and not out of the incentive of peasantry at large. The peasantry went for cultivation of commercial crops under duress. Most importantly the life of the Indian peasant was tied to the highly fluctuating national and international market. He was no longer a deciding factor in agricultural practices. Further, by making agricultural land a tradable commodity, the peasant lost his security feeling. High land revenue demand forced him to take loan from the money lender at high interest rates. Failure to pay debt in time meant loss of land to the money lender at high interest rates. It led to land alienation and increase in the number of agricultural laborers whose conditions especially in plantation industry was pathetic. He had to pay the land revenue due to the British government in time. Moreover, he had to grow commercial crop on a specified tract of his land under the oppression of planters. Also, Indian money lenders advanced Cash advances to the farmers to cultivate the commercial crops and if the peasants failed to pay him back in time, the land of peasants came under ownership of moneylenders. The poor peasant was forced to sell his produce just after harvest at whatever prices he could get. This placed him at the money of the grain merchant, who was in a position to dictate terms and who purchased his produced at much less than the market price. It also resulted in reduced area under cultivation of food crops. The net result of this change was that Indian failed to produce even that much food  crops which could provide even two square meals a day to its population. The misery was further enhanced became the population of India was increasing every year, fragmentation of land was taking place because of the increasing pressure on land and modern techniques of agricultural production were not introduced in India. While the upper class and British industries benefited-from it, the Indian peasants’ life was tied to remote international market. It affected adversely the poor people of India; it became difficult for them to get even sufficient food. This becomes ample from the fact that ill 1880 India had a surplus of foodstuffs to the extent of five million tons and by 1945 it had a deficit of 10 million tons. George Byn records that from 1893-94 to 1945-46, the production of commercial crops increased by 85 percent and that of food crops fell by 7 percent. This had a devastating effect on the rural economy and often took the shape of famines. Bhatia believes that the earlier famines were localized, and it was only after 1860, during the British rule, that famine came to signify general shortage of foodgrains in the country. There were approximately 25 major famines spread through states such as Tamil Nadu in the south, and Bihar and Bengal in the east during the latter half of the 19th century. Great Depression and Indian Agriculture A global economic depression broke out in 1929. However, the causes were more diverse and multi-pronged, with the decrease in costs and economic deflation of the post-war period being one of the main reasons. This deflation was caused by excessive manufacturing activities during the First World War. As a result, huge stocks of goods were piled up without being used. Wartime expenditure had reduced the countries of Europe to a state of heavy debt (Manikumra, 2003). With the outbreak of the Second World War, India was required to provide the resources for financing the war expenditures, which amounted to nearly 38 billion rupees from 194146. Government attached excessive importance in maintaining war related production, as a result of which a comprehensive system of supplying food to the urban areas at controlled prices was put in place. The rural poor were not viewed as being essential to the war effort and so the main burden of war financing was  passed on to them. With the Great Depression, agricultural prices worldwide started falling earlier than industrial prices. As a result, the manufacturing-agriculture terms of trade turned sharply against agriculture. A substantial redistribution took place from the mass of rural producers to urban classes. Thus the combination of the long term trend of decline in per head production of foodgrains, a rise in per head production of exportable and the effects of deteriorating terms of trade created a set of pre-famine conditions in the sense that any substantial shock to the economic system under these circumstances was almost certain to precipitate famine in the absence of countervailing intervention. Taxes were jacked up and deficit financing by printing money was resorted to and money supply is estimated to have raised five folds in the four years from 1940.As a result there was a war boom and profit inflation. Rice price started an upward spiral from the last quarter of 1941, doubled within a year a nd quadrupled within eighteen months. Also, the colonial government from the beginning strongly pushed exportable production by forcible cultivation of poppy in the early 19th century and export of opium to China, culminating in the infamous opium wars and indigo mutiny. With time overt force became less necessary as the pressure of revenue demand transmitted down to the peasant cultivators as the pressure of rental demand and in the case of landlords paying the revenue; compelled peasants to grow more commercial crops to sell and to commercialize food production itself. Famine: Indian Agriculture strained by commercialization and Great Depression The fall in prices had been higher in India compared to the rest of the world, the price of commodities manufactured in India rose dramatically compared to imports from the United  Kingdom or some other country in the world. The Great Depression had a terrible impact on the Indian farmer. While there was a steady, uninhibited increase in land rent, the value of the agricultural produce had come down  to alarming levels. Therefore, having incurred heavy losses, the farmer was compelled to sell off gold and silver ornaments in his possession in order to pay the land rent and other taxes. Farmers who were cultivating food crops had earlier moved over to cash crop cultivation in large numbers to meet the demands of the mills in the United Kingdom. Now, they were crippled as they were unable to sell their products in India due to the high prices; nor could they export the commodities to the United Kingdom which had recently adopted a protective policy prohibiting imports from India. An ex ante excess of investment over savings was converted to equality through forced savings extracted via food price inflation from the rural population. The consumption of food was then estimated at one and a half pound per individual and in 1945 it was 1 pound. Nearly thirty percent of the Indian population was estimated to be suffering from chronic malnutrition and under nutrition. Thus, the commercialization of agriculture in India by the British was also one of the important causes of the impoverishment of the Indian people. This resulted in a combination of famines and epidemics claiming around 2.7 to 3.1 million lives. The most cited example is that of ―Bengal Faminesâ€â€". Romesh Chunder Dutt argued as early as 1900, and present-day scholars such as Amartya Sen agree, that some historic famines were a product of both uneven rainfall and British economic and administrative policies, which since 1857 had led to the seizure and conversion of local farmland to foreign-owned plantations, restrictions on internal trade, heavy taxation of Indian citizens to support British. The Great Famine of 1876–78, in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the Indian famine of 1899–1900, in which 1.25 to 10 million people died were the most destructive famines. The Bengal Famine resulted in approximately 3 million  deaths. Generally the estimates are between 1.5 and 4 million, considering death due to starvation, malnutrition and disease, out of Bengal’s 60.3 million populations. Half of the victims would have died from disease after food became available in December 1943. Generally it is thought that there was serious decrease in food production during that time which is coupled with continuing export of grain. However according to Amartya Sen, there was no significant decrease in food production in 1943 (in fact food production  was higher compared to 1941). The highest mortality was not in previously very poor groups, but among artisans and small traders whose income vanished when people spent all they had on food and did not employ cobblers, carpenters, etc. The famine also caused major economic and social disruption, ruining millions of families. Conclusion Since colonial times, opinions would seem to have been divided between â€â€"optimists‘, for whom commercialization marked progress and a growing prosperity for all; â€â€"pessimists‘, for whom it marked regress into deepening class stratification and mass pauperization; and â€â€"skeptics‘ who held that it made very little difference and that its impact was largely absorbed by pre-existing structures of wealth accumulation and power on the land. However, capitalization in the 21 st century is said to create similar impact as colonial times, the only difference being that the later one was forced through oppressive policies, whereas the former would be market driven. The farmer in his choice of crops attached greater importance to market demand and price than o other factors. Capitalism has mixed impacts on Indian agriculture. While it brings about liberalization and globalization that leads to trans-border availability of agricultural products all over the world, it breaks the economic self-sufficiency in India leading to greater dependency on  market forces. Export of food products is one of the major reasons for inflation in India, it reduces the availability of agricultural products in India, increasing the demand and thus escalating the prices. Trade and liberalization has also made Indian agriculture vulnerable to global crisis. However, it provides for a national economy and also brought about regional specialization of crops on an efficient basis. Hence, it is essential to learn from the lessons in the past and formulate policies to mitigate the negative impacts on Indian agriculture while being globally connected and liberalized. 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